Background and Methodology The European Commission has repeatedly encouraged member states to implement measures that promote the deployment of high-speed broadband networks. To align with European objectives, in 2015, Italy adopted a strategy aimed at overcoming the infrastructure-based digital divide with the support of public funds. The first chapter presents the state of broadband connectivity in Italy, describing policy interventions, analyzing market structure, and tracking the evolution of coverage, in order to evaluate its competitive potential and technological progress in comparison with other European Union member states. The second chapter, after reviewing the progress of the White Areas Plan, analyzes the lines that are actually active in the areas targeted by public intervention, identifying the determinants of the adoption rate through a linear regression model using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Finally, the third chapter contains an analysis of the EU Guidelines on State Aid for Broadband Networks and the way in which is regulated the selection of areas eligible for public intervention. In the empirical section are examined the demographic, economic, and geographical characteristics of the white areas, and their spatial association is studied using Moran's Index. For all quantitative analyses, this work relies on open data released by the European Commission, AGCOM, and Infratel Italia. Results and Discussion Until the last decade, Italy was among the lowest-ranked in Europe in terms of high-speed connections, with limited investments in next-generation broadband networks and a monopolist in the access network market. Recently, however, Italy's ultrafast broadband coverage has nearly closed the gap with the European average. This acceleration can be attributed to the coverage implemented (though not yet completed) with the support of public funds, and to investments made by a new wholesale network operator and the former monopolist to upgrade their infrastructures to remain competitive with the new entrant. Focusing on the network built with public funding in the white areas, modest adoption rates are observed, with significant regional differences across Italy. The results of the econometric model indicate that the variable with the greatest impact on adoption is the time elapsed since coverage was deployed. This suggests that adoption tends to increase over time as people become more aware of the availability and benefits of the technology. Regarding the territorial distribution of white areas, Moran's Index shows a positive spatial autocorrelation, highlighting the presence of clusters of municipalities with similar coverage (or lack thereof) by next-generation networks. Finally, it can be observed that white areas are more widespread in regions with lower population density and more complex geography, typical of mountainous areas, regardless of their level of economic development. This indicates that private operators, when choosing areas for spontaneous coverage, were primarily guided by the technical-economic feasibility of the coverage work, deeming the socio-economic characteristics of the territories to be of secondary importance.
Background e Metodologia La Commissione Europea ha a più riprese incoraggiato i Paesi membri a mettere in campo azioni che incentivino il dispiegamento delle reti a banda larga veloce e, per allinearsi agli obiettivi europei, l’Italia si è dotata nel 2015 di una Strategia volta a superare, con il sostegno di fondi pubblici, il divario digitale infrastrutturale. Nel primo capitolo viene presentata la situazione italiana della connettività a banda larga, attraverso la descrizione degli interventi di policy, l’analisi della struttura di mercato e l’evoluzione della copertura, per valutarne il potenziale concorrenziale e il progresso tecnologico, anche in un’ottica comparata con gli altri Paesi membri dell’Unione Europea. Il secondo capitolo, dopo aver presentato lo stato di avanzamento del Piano Aree Bianche, analizza le linee effettivamente attive nelle zone oggetto dell’intervento pubblico, identificando le determinanti del tasso di adozione attraverso un modello di regressione lineare realizzato con il metodo dei minimi quadrati ordinari (OLS). Nel terzo capitolo, infine, è presente un’analisi degli Orientamenti Comunitari sugli aiuti di Stato a favore delle reti a banda larga e del modo in cui viene regolamentata la selezione delle aree meritevoli dell’intervento pubblico; nella sezione di analisi empirica vengono analizzate le caratteristiche demografiche, economiche ed orografiche delle aree bianche e ne viene studiata l’associazione spaziale attraverso l’indice di Moran. Per tutte le analisi quantitative, questo lavoro si è avvalso degli open data rilasciati dalla Commissione Europea, dall’AGCOM e da Infratel Italia. Risultati e discussione Fino al decennio scorso, l'Italia era tra gli ultimi in Europa per connessioni veloci, con investimenti limitati nelle reti a banda larga di nuova generazione e un monopolista dominante nel mercato della rete di accesso. Recentemente, tuttavia, il livello italiano di copertura a banda ultralarga ha quasi completamente colmato la distanza dalla media dei Paesi europei; questa accelerazione può essere spiegata con la copertura realizzata (ma non ancora completata) attraverso il sostegno dei fondi pubblici e con gli investimenti realizzati da un nuovo operatore nel mercato all’ingrosso della rete di acceso e dall’ex monopolista per aggiornare le proprie infrastrutture e renderle competitive con quelle del nuovo entrante. Con particolare riguardo alla rete realizzata, con il supporto di fondi pubblici, nelle aree bianche è possibile osservare tassi di adozione modesti e con significative differenze tra le diverse regioni italiane. I risultati del modello econometrico indicano che la variabile con il maggiore impatto sull'adozione è il tempo trascorso dalla realizzazione della copertura; questo suggerisce che l'adozione tende a crescere nel tempo man mano che le persone diventano più consapevoli della disponibilità e dei benefici di questa tecnologia. Per ciò che concerne la distribuzione territoriale delle aree bianche, l’indice di Moran mostra un’autocorrelazione spaziale positiva, evidenziando quindi la presenza di zone caratterizzate da gruppi di comuni con percentuali simili di copertura (o scopertura) attraverso reti di nuova generazione. Si può notare, infine, che le aree bianche sono più estese nelle zone contraddistinte da una minore densità abitativa e da un’orografia più complessa, tipica delle zone montane, indipendentemente dal loro livello di sviluppo economico; quanto appena espresso testimonia che, nella scelta delle aree da coprire spontaneamente, gli operatori privati si siano fatti guidare principalmente dalla facilità, in termini tecno-economici, di realizzare i lavori di copertura, giudicando quindi secondarie le caratteristiche socio-economiche dei territori da coprire.
L’intervento pubblico nel mercato italiano delle comunicazioni elettroniche: analisi del Piano Aree Bianche
LORENZETTI, MARCO
2025
Abstract
Background and Methodology The European Commission has repeatedly encouraged member states to implement measures that promote the deployment of high-speed broadband networks. To align with European objectives, in 2015, Italy adopted a strategy aimed at overcoming the infrastructure-based digital divide with the support of public funds. The first chapter presents the state of broadband connectivity in Italy, describing policy interventions, analyzing market structure, and tracking the evolution of coverage, in order to evaluate its competitive potential and technological progress in comparison with other European Union member states. The second chapter, after reviewing the progress of the White Areas Plan, analyzes the lines that are actually active in the areas targeted by public intervention, identifying the determinants of the adoption rate through a linear regression model using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Finally, the third chapter contains an analysis of the EU Guidelines on State Aid for Broadband Networks and the way in which is regulated the selection of areas eligible for public intervention. In the empirical section are examined the demographic, economic, and geographical characteristics of the white areas, and their spatial association is studied using Moran's Index. For all quantitative analyses, this work relies on open data released by the European Commission, AGCOM, and Infratel Italia. Results and Discussion Until the last decade, Italy was among the lowest-ranked in Europe in terms of high-speed connections, with limited investments in next-generation broadband networks and a monopolist in the access network market. Recently, however, Italy's ultrafast broadband coverage has nearly closed the gap with the European average. This acceleration can be attributed to the coverage implemented (though not yet completed) with the support of public funds, and to investments made by a new wholesale network operator and the former monopolist to upgrade their infrastructures to remain competitive with the new entrant. Focusing on the network built with public funding in the white areas, modest adoption rates are observed, with significant regional differences across Italy. The results of the econometric model indicate that the variable with the greatest impact on adoption is the time elapsed since coverage was deployed. This suggests that adoption tends to increase over time as people become more aware of the availability and benefits of the technology. Regarding the territorial distribution of white areas, Moran's Index shows a positive spatial autocorrelation, highlighting the presence of clusters of municipalities with similar coverage (or lack thereof) by next-generation networks. Finally, it can be observed that white areas are more widespread in regions with lower population density and more complex geography, typical of mountainous areas, regardless of their level of economic development. This indicates that private operators, when choosing areas for spontaneous coverage, were primarily guided by the technical-economic feasibility of the coverage work, deeming the socio-economic characteristics of the territories to be of secondary importance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/196046
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-196046