Understanding territorial differences in poverty and inequality is a complex challenge, influenced by several dimensions such as the labour market and the tax-benefit system. These two factors assume different characteristics across countries, leading to income distributions with distinct features. The flexibility of the labour market and its institutions affect the distribution of earnings, the most important component of equivalent disposable income. Different tax-benefit schemes can, in turn, result in behavioral responses through mechanisms of incentives and disincentives, which influence the generation of labour income. These differences and mechanisms have been widely studied in literature. However, there could be less evident factors that affect poverty and inequality levels. One of these is the different household structures that characterize countries, as the household represents both the most relevant entity that contributes to define needs and the first social safety net for individuals. Moreover, differences in well-being levels observed within countries also depend on how the phenomenon of interest is measured. Particularly complex indicators require a specific decomposition of the phenomenon to understand its nature. Finally, the level of poverty or inequality observed within a country is a synthesis of what is seen at the sub-national level. Particularly unequal contexts can hide well-being levels significantly lower than those observed at the national level. These elements could shape income distribution and can significantly affect poverty and inequality levels. This dissertation aims to shed light on the complexities underlying territorial disparities at the national and European level by focusing on some key aspects such as household composition, poverty and employment trajectories, and inequalities in the productive structure. By examining these dimensions, the research seeks to improve the understanding of some factors contributing to territorial disparities in poverty and inequality through three studies. The first study examines how household composition affects poverty and inequality levels in some European countries using 2019 EU-SILC data. It analyzes the contribution of household size and occupational status of household members in analyzed countries by reweighting individuals to reflect the household structure of a reference country. This approach reveals significant changes in poverty and inequality indicators across countries. The second study focuses on in-work poverty (IWP), a condition that involves employed individuals in households below the poverty line. The dual nature of this indicator makes complex the understanding of cross-country differences. Indeed, the complexity of IWP arises from the interplay between labour market dynamics, social policies, and household characteristics, which differ widely across national contexts. This research enhances the comparative understanding of IWP by focusing on poverty and employment transitions. The third study addresses IWP limitations in detecting working poverty by complementing this indicator with the low-wage earners indicator. Focusing on Italy, this work relies on 2019 IT-SILC data to propose measures that account for territorial and sectoral disparities. The findings show that national poverty profiles may not capture the complexity of working poverty across regions. Together, these studies enhance the understanding of poverty and inequality by addressing the interplay of household dynamics, labour market conditions, and territorial disparities.
Comprendere le differenze territoriali in termini di povertà e disuguaglianza è una sfida complessa, influenzata da diverse dimensioni come il mercato del lavoro e il sistema fiscale. Questi due fattori assumono caratteristiche differenti nei vari paesi, determinando distribuzioni del reddito eterogenee. La flessibilità del mercato del lavoro e le sue istituzioni influenzano la distribuzione dei redditi da lavoro, componente più importante del reddito disponibile equivalente. I diversi regimi fiscali e previdenziali possono, a loro volta, determinare risposte comportamentali attraverso meccanismi di incentivi e disincentivi, che influenzando anch’esse il reddito da lavoro. Queste differenze e questi meccanismi sono stati ampiamente studiati in letteratura. Tuttavia, potrebbero esserci fattori meno evidenti che influenzano i livelli di povertà e disuguaglianza. Uno di questi è la diversa struttura familiare che caratterizza i paesi, infatti, la famiglia rappresenta sia l'entità più rilevante che contribuisce a definire i bisogni sia la prima rete di sicurezza sociale per gli individui. Inoltre, le differenze nei livelli di benessere osservate all'interno dei paesi dipendono anche dal modo in cui viene misurato il fenomeno di interesse. Indicatori particolarmente complessi richiedono una scomposizione specifica del fenomeno per comprenderne la natura. Infine, il livello di povertà o di disuguaglianza osservato all'interno di un paese è una sintesi di ciò che si osserva a livello subnazionale. Contesti particolarmente diseguali possono nascondere livelli di benessere significativamente inferiori a quelli osservati a livello nazionale. Questi elementi possono plasmare la distribuzione del reddito e influenzare in modo significativo i livelli di povertà e disuguaglianza. Questa tesi, attraverso tre contributi, mira a far luce sulle complessità alla base delle disparità territoriali a livello nazionale ed europeo, concentrandosi su alcuni aspetti poco esplorati. Il primo studio indaga in che misura la composizione familiare influenza i livelli di povertà e disuguaglianza in alcuni paesi europei, utilizzando i dati EU-SILC 2019. Attraverso l’applicazione del metodo di re-weighting si studia come variano i livelli di povertà e disuguaglianza in un paese se la struttura familiare fosse uguale a quella di uno specifico paese di riferimento. Questo approccio rivela cambiamenti significativi negli indicatori di povertà e disuguaglianza dei paesi. Il secondo studio si concentra sull’in-work poverty (IWP), una condizione che coinvolge individui occupati in famiglie al di sotto della soglia di povertà. La duplice natura di questo indicatore rende complessa la comprensione delle differenze tra paesi. Infatti, la complessità dell'IWP deriva dall'interazione tra le dinamiche del mercato del lavoro, le politiche sociali e le caratteristiche delle famiglie, che differiscono notevolmente nei vari contesti nazionali. Questa analisi migliora la comprensione delle differenze nei livelli di IWP tra paesi attraverso un focus sulle transizioni relative alla condizione di povertà e alla condizione occupazionale. Il terzo studio affronta i limiti dell'IWP nell'individuare la povertà lavorativa, integrando questo indicatore con l’indicatore low-wage earners. Concentrandosi sull'Italia, questo lavoro, attraverso i dati IT-SILC del 2019, propone misure che tengano conto delle disparità territoriali e settoriali. I risultati mostrano che i profili di povertà nazionali potrebbero non cogliere la complessità della povertà lavorativa a livello territoriale. Insieme, questi studi migliorano la comprensione della povertà e della disuguaglianza affrontando l'interazione tra le dinamiche familiari, le condizioni lavorative e le disparità territoriali.
Indagine sui fattori che determinano le differenze territoriali nella povertà e nella disuguaglianza: uno studio sulla composizione familiare e sulla povertà lavorativa
D'AGUANNO, MARIA CRISTINA
2025
Abstract
Understanding territorial differences in poverty and inequality is a complex challenge, influenced by several dimensions such as the labour market and the tax-benefit system. These two factors assume different characteristics across countries, leading to income distributions with distinct features. The flexibility of the labour market and its institutions affect the distribution of earnings, the most important component of equivalent disposable income. Different tax-benefit schemes can, in turn, result in behavioral responses through mechanisms of incentives and disincentives, which influence the generation of labour income. These differences and mechanisms have been widely studied in literature. However, there could be less evident factors that affect poverty and inequality levels. One of these is the different household structures that characterize countries, as the household represents both the most relevant entity that contributes to define needs and the first social safety net for individuals. Moreover, differences in well-being levels observed within countries also depend on how the phenomenon of interest is measured. Particularly complex indicators require a specific decomposition of the phenomenon to understand its nature. Finally, the level of poverty or inequality observed within a country is a synthesis of what is seen at the sub-national level. Particularly unequal contexts can hide well-being levels significantly lower than those observed at the national level. These elements could shape income distribution and can significantly affect poverty and inequality levels. This dissertation aims to shed light on the complexities underlying territorial disparities at the national and European level by focusing on some key aspects such as household composition, poverty and employment trajectories, and inequalities in the productive structure. By examining these dimensions, the research seeks to improve the understanding of some factors contributing to territorial disparities in poverty and inequality through three studies. The first study examines how household composition affects poverty and inequality levels in some European countries using 2019 EU-SILC data. It analyzes the contribution of household size and occupational status of household members in analyzed countries by reweighting individuals to reflect the household structure of a reference country. This approach reveals significant changes in poverty and inequality indicators across countries. The second study focuses on in-work poverty (IWP), a condition that involves employed individuals in households below the poverty line. The dual nature of this indicator makes complex the understanding of cross-country differences. Indeed, the complexity of IWP arises from the interplay between labour market dynamics, social policies, and household characteristics, which differ widely across national contexts. This research enhances the comparative understanding of IWP by focusing on poverty and employment transitions. The third study addresses IWP limitations in detecting working poverty by complementing this indicator with the low-wage earners indicator. Focusing on Italy, this work relies on 2019 IT-SILC data to propose measures that account for territorial and sectoral disparities. The findings show that national poverty profiles may not capture the complexity of working poverty across regions. Together, these studies enhance the understanding of poverty and inequality by addressing the interplay of household dynamics, labour market conditions, and territorial disparities.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/196053
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-196053