Despite progress over time, the phenomenon of gender inequality is still persistent in contemporary society. It can result in multiple forms of inequality, from discrimination in the labour market to discrimination in education, from the wage gap to the phenomena of horizontal and vertical gender segregation and gender-based violence. This doctoral thesis is comprehensively focused on gender inequalities in the academic context, intended as an educational setting and as a labour sector. The thesis consists of three parts, each dealing with aspects of gender inequality in the academic context, proposing a quantitative and qualitative approach. The first essay ‘A Fuzzy Index For The Evaluation Of Gender Equality In Academia To Guide Gender Equality Plan Actions And Monitor Their Impact’ aims to provide a tool which can be used by academic institutions to assess gender equality and allow them to identify areas where improvements are needed, thus guiding the identification of actions to be included in Gender Equality Plans (GEPs) and monitor their impact once implemented. An Index (‘Idem-Academia Index’) is proposed, and it involves Fuzzy Expert System (FES) modelling taking into account three different dimensions: Personnel, Governance and Policies. The final result is expressed in a numerical value ranging from 0 to 100 (full gender equality) and can be broken down by looking at the contribution of each area to the gender equality status in the university. The second essay, ‘Preventing and contrasting gender-based violence and sexual harassment. The role of universities and their equal opportunities bodies', addresses the issue of gender-based violence and sexual harassment in the Italian academic context, aiming to examine what the role of universities and their equal opportunities bodies (Comitati Unici di Garanzia - CUG) can be in preventing and combating gender-based violence and sexual harassment, using a mixed methodology. First of all, the answers of 36 universities to the annual COUNIPAR survey were analysed, to which specific questions on prevention and combating policies were added, in order to identify the policies already implemented by Italian universities. Aiming to further explore the potential of universities in this field, policies planned by Italian universities in their GEPs were examined using the Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) method and randomly selecting a sample of 47 Italian universities, heterogeneous in terms of geographical area and size. As a result, 295 prevention and contrast actions were surveyed, finding that the actions mostly planned by the Italian universities mainly concern the preventive aspects, with awareness-raising and training policies constituting 40% of the total of the actions surveyed, in line with what has been found in the literature, while there remains a wide margin for improvement for specific contrast policies, such as the Anti-Violence Desk (Sportello Antiviolenza). In the third essay, gender inequalities in the academic context were investigated by addressing the issue of the gender pay gap, using the administrative microdata of a large university in Northern Italy as a dataset and applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition in order to break down the estimated gender pay gap into components related to each set of control variables. The results, consistent with the literature, point to the endurance of the glass ceiling and the existence of a gender wage gap.
Nonostante i progressi compiuti nel tempo, il fenomeno della diseguaglianza di genere è tuttora persistente nella società contemporanea. Esso può tradursi in molteplici forme di ineguaglianza, dalla discriminazione nel mercato del lavoro a quella nei percorsi di formazione, dal divario salariale ai fenomeni della segregazione orizzontale e verticale di genere, fino alla violenza di genere. Il presente lavoro di tesi è complessivamente dedicato alle diseguaglianze di genere nel contesto accademico, inteso come luogo di formazione e come settore lavorativo. La tesi si compone di tre parti, ognuna riguardante aspetti della diseguaglianza di genere nel contesto accademico, proponendo un approccio quantitativo e qualitativo. Il primo saggio “A Fuzzy Index For The Evaluation Of Gender Equality In Academia To Guide Gender Equality Plan Actions And Monitor Their Impact” ha l’obiettivo di fornire uno strumento che possa essere utilizzato dalle istituzioni accademiche per una valutazione dell’uguaglianza di genere e consentire di individuare le aree in cui sono necessari miglioramenti, guidando dunque l’individuazione di azioni da inserire nei Gender Equality Plans (GEPs) e monitorarne l’impatto una volta implementate. È stato proposto un Indice (“Idem-Academia Index”) che prevede una modellizzazione Fuzzy Expert System (FES) che prende in considerazione tre diverse dimensioni: Personale, Governance e Policies. Il risultato finale è espresso in un valore numerico che va da 0 a 100 (piena uguaglianza di genere) e può essere scomposto osservando il contributo di ciascuna area alla situazione dell'uguaglianza di genere nell'università. Il secondo saggio, “Preventing and contrasting gender-based violence and sexual harassment. The role of universities and their equal opportunities bodies”, affronta il tema della violenza di genere e delle molestie sessuali nel contesto accademico italiano, ponendosi l’obiettivo di esaminare quale possa essere il ruolo delle università e dei loro organismi di parità (Comitati Unici di Garanzia – CUG) nella prevenzione e nella lotta alla violenza e alle molestie sessuali, utilizzando una metodologia mista. Sono dapprima state analizzate le risposte di 36 università all'indagine annuale COUNIPAR, a cui sono state aggiunte domande specifiche sulle politiche di prevenzione e contrasto, per individuare le politiche già attuate dalle università italiane. Proponendosi di esplorare ulteriormente il potenziale delle università in quest’ambito, sono state esaminate le politiche pianificate dalle università italiane nei propri GEP utilizzando il metodo della Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) e selezionando casualmente un campione di 47 università italiane, eterogenee per area geografica e dimensioni. Come risultato sono state rilevate 295 azioni di prevenzione e contrasto, riscontrando che le azioni maggiormente pianificate dalle università italiane riguardano prevalentemente gli aspetti preventivi, con le politiche di sensibilizzazione e quelle di formazione che costituiscono il 40% del totale delle azioni rilevate, coerentemente con quanto ravvisato in letteratura, mentre rimane un ampio margine di miglioramento per specifiche politiche di contrasto, come lo Sportello Antiviolenza. Nel terzo saggio sono state indagate le diseguaglianze di genere nel contesto accademico affrontando il tema del divario salariale di genere, utilizzando come dataset i microdati amministrativi di un’università di grandi dimensioni del Nord Italia e applicando la scomposizione di Oaxaca-Blinder al fine scomporre il divario salariale di genere stimato in componenti relative a ciascun set di variabili di controllo. I risultati, coerenti con la letteratura, rilevano la resistenza del glass ceiling e l’esistenza di un divario salariale di genere.
Eguaglianza di genere nel contesto accademico: misurazioni e politiche per un cambiamento strutturale
BARRA, CARLOTTA
2025
Abstract
Despite progress over time, the phenomenon of gender inequality is still persistent in contemporary society. It can result in multiple forms of inequality, from discrimination in the labour market to discrimination in education, from the wage gap to the phenomena of horizontal and vertical gender segregation and gender-based violence. This doctoral thesis is comprehensively focused on gender inequalities in the academic context, intended as an educational setting and as a labour sector. The thesis consists of three parts, each dealing with aspects of gender inequality in the academic context, proposing a quantitative and qualitative approach. The first essay ‘A Fuzzy Index For The Evaluation Of Gender Equality In Academia To Guide Gender Equality Plan Actions And Monitor Their Impact’ aims to provide a tool which can be used by academic institutions to assess gender equality and allow them to identify areas where improvements are needed, thus guiding the identification of actions to be included in Gender Equality Plans (GEPs) and monitor their impact once implemented. An Index (‘Idem-Academia Index’) is proposed, and it involves Fuzzy Expert System (FES) modelling taking into account three different dimensions: Personnel, Governance and Policies. The final result is expressed in a numerical value ranging from 0 to 100 (full gender equality) and can be broken down by looking at the contribution of each area to the gender equality status in the university. The second essay, ‘Preventing and contrasting gender-based violence and sexual harassment. The role of universities and their equal opportunities bodies', addresses the issue of gender-based violence and sexual harassment in the Italian academic context, aiming to examine what the role of universities and their equal opportunities bodies (Comitati Unici di Garanzia - CUG) can be in preventing and combating gender-based violence and sexual harassment, using a mixed methodology. First of all, the answers of 36 universities to the annual COUNIPAR survey were analysed, to which specific questions on prevention and combating policies were added, in order to identify the policies already implemented by Italian universities. Aiming to further explore the potential of universities in this field, policies planned by Italian universities in their GEPs were examined using the Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) method and randomly selecting a sample of 47 Italian universities, heterogeneous in terms of geographical area and size. As a result, 295 prevention and contrast actions were surveyed, finding that the actions mostly planned by the Italian universities mainly concern the preventive aspects, with awareness-raising and training policies constituting 40% of the total of the actions surveyed, in line with what has been found in the literature, while there remains a wide margin for improvement for specific contrast policies, such as the Anti-Violence Desk (Sportello Antiviolenza). In the third essay, gender inequalities in the academic context were investigated by addressing the issue of the gender pay gap, using the administrative microdata of a large university in Northern Italy as a dataset and applying the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition in order to break down the estimated gender pay gap into components related to each set of control variables. The results, consistent with the literature, point to the endurance of the glass ceiling and the existence of a gender wage gap.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/196055
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-196055