This research aims to study the topic of collective judicial protection also in a comparative perspective. The focus is on two models of collective protection: the Brazilian one and the recent Italian model outlined in Law no. 31 of 12 April 2019. The starting point of the investigation is the Italian doctrinal debate that has developed on this topic since the 1970s. Within that debate, in fact, find their origin some reflections that have also influenced the Brazilian experience. Reference is particularly to the traditional distinction between collective interests and diffuse interests. In the first chapter, we thus attempt to trace the origins of that distinction within our experience and, at the same time, to understand how it has been incorporated and reworked in the studies of Brazilian jurists. Having outlined the framework at the doctrinal level, the attention is then turned to the main legislative stages that in the two Italian and Brazilian experiences have marked the development of the subject to the present day. The parallel reconstruction of the evolutionary itinerary will make it possible to bring out what directions were taken to address the common problems related to the judicial protection of supra-individual interests and, at the same time, to grasp the mutual influences between the one and the other experience. This part of the thesis thus serves the function of introducing and better contextualizing the more specific examination of the two models that is conducted in the following chapters. The second chapter is devoted, in fact, to the study of the traditional Brazilian collective process, whose characteristics are hightlighted through a focus on three main issues: the subject matter of the judgment, legal standing and the effects of res judicata. In fact, these issues, since the beginning of the debate, have attracted the attention of scholars who have dealt with the subject matter of this research. Some profiles related to the discipline of settlement and enforcement of the collective decision are also taken into account, in order to provide a more complete framework. A second part of the chapter deals with the analysis of the new Incident Resolution of Repetitive Actions, inspired by the German procedure model, which seeks to address the so-called repetitive or mass litigation. In the following chapters, the object of study is the Italian model of collective proceedings outlined by the 2019 reform. The third chapter is devoted to an examination of the new class action that is ruled by Artt. 840-bis et seq. of the Code of Civile Procedure. In addition to the preliminary stage of admissibility of the action, issues related to legal standing, the subject matter of the suit and its effects are addressed. The analysis seeks to bring out the innovative aspects and critical issues of the renewed class action. In addressing the issue of legal standing, the recent implementation of the European Directive 2020/1828 in our legal system is also taken into account. The aim is to highlight the differences existing on this profile with the new discipline that Articles 140 ter et seq. of the Consumer Code devote to the new representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers. Indeed, from here some issues emerge in terms of the relationship between the new class action and collection action for injunction, on the one hand, and the representative actions, on the other. The last chapter is devoted to the collective injunctive action that is ruled by Article 840 sexiesdecies of the Code of Civil Procedure. Taking into account the evolutionary course of the subject matter conducted in the first chapter, attention is focused, first of all, on one of the main innovations of the new collective injunctive action: the recognition of legal standing also to the individual. Moving from a systematic interpretation of the new Code provision, an attempt is made to understand what interests are protected through this jurisdictional instrument and to identify the subject matter of the judgement. After reconstructing the objective and subjective contours of the judgement, the issue regarding the effects of the decision is finally addressed. It should be noted that this issue was not addressed by the legislator. In light of the interpretive results that will emerge from the examination of the new action, we will try to identify a solution compatible with its structural and functional characteristics. In the course of the work, an attempt is made to highlight the legislative solutions that in the two experiences seek to foster effective judicial protection of supra-individual interests, also through increased social participation. From the analysis conducted, it will emerge that even starting from the common distinction between collective and diffuse interests, the development of collective protection has followed non-coincidental paths in the two experiences under consideration. In particular, in the Brazilian system the elaboration of a collective trial model specifically designed to protect supra-individual interests occurred earlier than in our system. Indeed, the Italian reform of 2019 seems to have constituted the first real attempt to outline a system of compensatory and injunctive collective proceedings, that takes into account the peculiarities linked to the judicial protection of supra-individual interests. Comparing to the approach traditionally followed by our legislator, two features, in particular, are appreciated: the generalization of the scope of application of the renewed regulatory framework and the provision of a common system of widespread legal standing. However, these the profiles are likely to be adversely affected by the recent introduction of the special discipline dedicated to the new representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers; hence the need to adopt interpretive solutions that seeks to harmonize the application of the two disciplines with a view to favouring the judicial protection of supra-individual interests.
Il presente lavoro di ricerca si propone di affrontare lo studio del tema della tutela giurisdizionale collettiva in una prospettiva anche comparatistica. Oggetto di analisi sono, infatti, due modelli di tutela collettiva: da un lato, quello brasiliano; dall’altro, quello italiano delineato dalla recente riforma di cui alla legge 12 aprile 2019, n. 31. Il punto di partenza dell’indagine è costituito dal dibattito dottrinale italiano che si sviluppa, su questa delicata tematica, a partire dagli anni Settanta del Secolo scorso. All’interno di quel dibattito maturano, infatti, alcune riflessioni che hanno influenzato anche l’esperienza brasiliana. Si allude, in particolare, alla tradizionale distinzione tra interessi diffusi e interessi collettivi. Nel primo capitolo, si cerca, così, di ripercorrere le origini di quella distinzione all’interno della nostra dottrina e, al tempo stesso, di comprendere come la stessa sia stata recepita e rielaborata negli studi dei giuristi brasiliani. Delineato il quadro a livello dottrinale, lo sguardo viene, dunque, rivolto alle principali tappe legislative che nelle due esperienze, italiana e brasiliana, hanno scandito lo sviluppo della materia sino ai giorni nostri. La parallela ricostruzione dell’itinerario evolutivo consentirà di far emergere quali sono state le direzioni intraprese per far fronte alle comuni problematiche legate alla tutela giurisdizionale degli interessi sovraindividuali, nonché di cogliere le reciproche influenze tra l’una e l’altra esperienza. Questa parte dell’elaborato svolge, così, la funzione di introdurre e meglio contestualizzare la più specifica disamina dei due modelli che viene condotta nei capitoli successivi. Il secondo capitolo è, infatti, dedicato allo studio del tradizionale processo collettivo brasiliano, le cui caratteristiche sono evidenziate attraverso un focus su tre principali questioni: l’oggetto del giudizio; la legittimazione ad agire e gli effetti della decisione resa in sede collettiva. Si tratta, infatti, di quelle questioni che, sin dagli inizi del dibattito, hanno suscitato l’attenzione degli studiosi che si sono occupati del tema oggetto della presente ricerca. Il quadro viene ad essere completato, tenuto conto di alcuni profili connessi alla disciplina della liquidazione e dell’esecuzione della decisione collettiva. Una seconda parte del capitolo affronta, poi, l’analisi del nuovo istituto dell’incidente de resolução de demandas repetitivas, ispirato al processo modello tedesco, che cerca di far fronte alla c.d. litigiosità ripetitiva o di massa. Nel prosieguo del lavoro, l’oggetto di studio è il modello italiano di tutela collettiva tratteggiato dalla riforma del 2019. Il terzo capitolo è quindi rivolto alla disamina del nuovo giudizio di classe di cui agli artt. 840 bis e ss. c.p.c. Oltre al filtro preliminare di ammissibilità dell’azione, si affrontano, in particolare, le problematiche legate alla legittimazione ad agire, all’oggetto del giudizio e ai suoi effetti. La ricostruzione cerca di far emergere i profili innovativi e, al tempo stesso, le criticità della rinnovata azione di classe. Nell’affrontare il tema della legittimazione ad agire, si tiene conto anche della recente attuazione, all’interno del nostro ordinamento, della direttiva (UE) 2020/1828. Si cerca, infatti, di evidenziare le differenze sussistenti, in parte qua, con la nuova disciplina che gli artt. 140 ter e ss. cod. cons. dedicano alle azioni rappresentative a tutela degli interessi collettivi dei consumatori. Da qui, infatti, emergono alcune problematiche in punto di rapporti tra le nuove azioni di classe e inibitoria collettiva, da un lato, e quelle rappresentative, dall’altro. L’ultimo capitolo è dedicato all’azione inibitoria collettiva di cui all’art. 840 sexiesdecies c.p.c. Tenuto conto dell’iter evolutivo della materia descritto nel primo capitolo del lavoro, l’attenzione viene focalizzata, innanzitutto, su una delle principali novità della nuova inibitoria collettiva: il riconoscimento della legittimazione ad agire anche al singolo individuo. Muovendo da una ricostruzione sistematica della nuova disposizione codicistica, si cerca di comprendere quali siano gli interessi tutelati per il tramite di tale strumento giurisdizionale e di individuare l’oggetto del giudizio. Una volta ricostruiti i profili soggettivi ed oggettivi del giudizio, si affronta, infine, la questione relativa agli effetti del provvedimento conclusivo. Una questione, quella appena indicata, sulla quale il legislatore del 2019 non ha preso un’espressa posizione. Alla luce dei risultati interpretativi che emergeranno dalla disamina della nuova azione, si cercherà, pertanto, di individuare una soluzione compatibile con le sue caratteristiche strutturali e funzionali. Nel corso del lavoro, si cerca di mettere in luce le soluzioni legislative che, all’interno delle due esperienze, cercano di favorire una effettiva tutela giurisdizionale degli interessi sovraindividuali, anche attraverso una maggiore partecipazione sociale. Dall’analisi condotta emergerà che, pur muovendo dalla comune distinzione tra interessi collettivi e diffusi, lo sviluppo della tutela collettiva ha seguito strade non coincidenti nei due contesti presi in considerazione. In particolare, nel sistema brasiliano l’elaborazione di un modello di processo appositamente destinato alla tutela degli interessi sovraindividuali è avvenuta in anticipo rispetto al nostro ordinamento. La riforma italiana del 2019 sembra, infatti, aver costituito il primo vero tentativo di delineare un sistema di processo collettivo, risarcitorio e inibitorio, che tenga conto delle peculiarità legate alla tutela giurisdizionale di interessi non esclusivamente individuali. Rispetto all’approccio tradizionalmente seguito dal nostro legislatore, si apprezzano, in particolare, la generalizzazione dell’ambito di applicazione dell’azione di classe e dell’inibitoria collettiva, nonché la previsione di un regime comune di legittimazione ad agire diffusa. Due profili, quella appena indicati, sui quali, tuttavia, rischia di incidere negativamente la recente introduzione della disciplina speciale dedicata alle nuove azioni rappresentative a tutela degli interessi collettivi dei consumatori. Di qui, pertanto, l’esigenza di adottare soluzioni interpretative che cerchino di armonizzare l’applicazione tanto degli uni quanto degli altri strumenti collettivi, nella prospettiva di favorire la tutela giurisdizionale degli interessi sovraindividuali.
NUOVE PROSPETTIVE IN TEMA DI TUTELA GIURISDIZIONALE COLLETTIVA
MARTINO, MIRIAM
2025
Abstract
This research aims to study the topic of collective judicial protection also in a comparative perspective. The focus is on two models of collective protection: the Brazilian one and the recent Italian model outlined in Law no. 31 of 12 April 2019. The starting point of the investigation is the Italian doctrinal debate that has developed on this topic since the 1970s. Within that debate, in fact, find their origin some reflections that have also influenced the Brazilian experience. Reference is particularly to the traditional distinction between collective interests and diffuse interests. In the first chapter, we thus attempt to trace the origins of that distinction within our experience and, at the same time, to understand how it has been incorporated and reworked in the studies of Brazilian jurists. Having outlined the framework at the doctrinal level, the attention is then turned to the main legislative stages that in the two Italian and Brazilian experiences have marked the development of the subject to the present day. The parallel reconstruction of the evolutionary itinerary will make it possible to bring out what directions were taken to address the common problems related to the judicial protection of supra-individual interests and, at the same time, to grasp the mutual influences between the one and the other experience. This part of the thesis thus serves the function of introducing and better contextualizing the more specific examination of the two models that is conducted in the following chapters. The second chapter is devoted, in fact, to the study of the traditional Brazilian collective process, whose characteristics are hightlighted through a focus on three main issues: the subject matter of the judgment, legal standing and the effects of res judicata. In fact, these issues, since the beginning of the debate, have attracted the attention of scholars who have dealt with the subject matter of this research. Some profiles related to the discipline of settlement and enforcement of the collective decision are also taken into account, in order to provide a more complete framework. A second part of the chapter deals with the analysis of the new Incident Resolution of Repetitive Actions, inspired by the German procedure model, which seeks to address the so-called repetitive or mass litigation. In the following chapters, the object of study is the Italian model of collective proceedings outlined by the 2019 reform. The third chapter is devoted to an examination of the new class action that is ruled by Artt. 840-bis et seq. of the Code of Civile Procedure. In addition to the preliminary stage of admissibility of the action, issues related to legal standing, the subject matter of the suit and its effects are addressed. The analysis seeks to bring out the innovative aspects and critical issues of the renewed class action. In addressing the issue of legal standing, the recent implementation of the European Directive 2020/1828 in our legal system is also taken into account. The aim is to highlight the differences existing on this profile with the new discipline that Articles 140 ter et seq. of the Consumer Code devote to the new representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers. Indeed, from here some issues emerge in terms of the relationship between the new class action and collection action for injunction, on the one hand, and the representative actions, on the other. The last chapter is devoted to the collective injunctive action that is ruled by Article 840 sexiesdecies of the Code of Civil Procedure. Taking into account the evolutionary course of the subject matter conducted in the first chapter, attention is focused, first of all, on one of the main innovations of the new collective injunctive action: the recognition of legal standing also to the individual. Moving from a systematic interpretation of the new Code provision, an attempt is made to understand what interests are protected through this jurisdictional instrument and to identify the subject matter of the judgement. After reconstructing the objective and subjective contours of the judgement, the issue regarding the effects of the decision is finally addressed. It should be noted that this issue was not addressed by the legislator. In light of the interpretive results that will emerge from the examination of the new action, we will try to identify a solution compatible with its structural and functional characteristics. In the course of the work, an attempt is made to highlight the legislative solutions that in the two experiences seek to foster effective judicial protection of supra-individual interests, also through increased social participation. From the analysis conducted, it will emerge that even starting from the common distinction between collective and diffuse interests, the development of collective protection has followed non-coincidental paths in the two experiences under consideration. In particular, in the Brazilian system the elaboration of a collective trial model specifically designed to protect supra-individual interests occurred earlier than in our system. Indeed, the Italian reform of 2019 seems to have constituted the first real attempt to outline a system of compensatory and injunctive collective proceedings, that takes into account the peculiarities linked to the judicial protection of supra-individual interests. Comparing to the approach traditionally followed by our legislator, two features, in particular, are appreciated: the generalization of the scope of application of the renewed regulatory framework and the provision of a common system of widespread legal standing. However, these the profiles are likely to be adversely affected by the recent introduction of the special discipline dedicated to the new representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers; hence the need to adopt interpretive solutions that seeks to harmonize the application of the two disciplines with a view to favouring the judicial protection of supra-individual interests.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/197426
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-197426