Selective attention is the ability to prioritize one stimulus among several sensory stimuli that we encounter. Over the last 70 years, neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists have been studying the mechanisms of the selective attention using search tasks. In these tasks, participants are asked to select a target stimulus among distractors under different experimental conditions, e.g. manipulating the number of distractors, the features of the stimuli or their position. All these studies aimed to uncover the mechanisms of target selection and distractor suppression in the visual domain, describing the properties of selective visual attention. Due to the lack of knowledge about the attentional selective mechanisms in the tactile domain, the aim of my PhD has been to investigate the mechanisms responsible of target selection in tactile search tasks and highlighting the differences and similarities between the tactile and the visual domain. Starting from recent evidence describing the electrophysiological correlate of target selection in touch, that is the event-related potential (ERP) N140cc, this thesis includes a series of studies on tactile search tasks in which the mechanisms of target selection were investigated through the measure of accuracy, error rates, reaction times and the N140cc. The first study investigated whether the mechanisms responsible for target selection were affected by the number of items in the search array (i.e. set size). For this purpose, participants were asked to search for the target stimulus among one, three or five distractors. The results showed improved performance and larger N140cc amplitude in the trials with one distractor compared to trials with three and five distractors. These findings suggest that set-size affected the selection mechanism and the allocation of attentional resources in touch. The second study aimed to observe whether repeating the target stimulus feature (vibrotactile frequency) across trials enhances its selection, in line with a well-known phenomenon in the visual domain called “intertrial priming of pop-out” (PoP). Participants performed a tactile search task in which the vibrotactile frequency of the target stimulus was either repeated or changed across trials randomly. The results showed an improved behavioral performance and larger N140cc amplitude when the vibrotactile frequency of the target stimulus was repeated compared to when it was changed. This evidence demonstrated the presence of the PoP effect in touch for the first time. Results showed PoP in touch is associated with more efficient target processing and selection. The third study investigated whether the target selection is only linked to somatotopic (i.e. body part) or whether is also affected external reference frame (i.e. finger or hands posture). To this end, participants were asked to locate a target stimulus among three distractors while their hands could be crossed and uncrossed based on the experimental condition. At a behavioral level, results showed decreased accuracy rates and slower reaction times in the crossed compared to the uncrossed condition. ERP results showed that the N140cc tends to have a slightly larger amplitude in the uncrossed compared to the crossed condition. In conclusion, the attentional mechanism in touch seems to be influenced by the external reference frame. The present studies confirm the N140cc component as an electrophysiological correlate of tactile selection. Notably, the amplitude of the N140cc reflects improved target selection. Overall, these findings provide new behavioral and electrophysiological insight into the mechanisms of target selection in tactile search tasks shedding in light the differences with other sensory modalities.
L’attenzione selettiva ci consente di dare priorità ad uno specifico stimolo ambientale tra numerosi stimoli sensoriali. Durante gli ultimi 70 anni, i meccanismi dell’attenzione selettiva sono stati studiati attraverso l’uso di compiti di ricerca. In questi compiti i partecipanti selezionano uno stimolo bersaglio tra stimoli distrattori mentre viene manipolato il numero dei distrattori, le caratteristiche degli stimoli o la loro posizione, al fine di osservare i meccanismi di selezione del bersaglio e soppressione dei distrattori nel dominio visivo. La molteplice natura degli stimoli ambientali che siamo tenuti ad integrare, rende essenziale lo studio dei meccanismi cognitivi di altre modalità sensoriali. Per questo motivo e per la scarsa conoscenza dei meccanismi attentivi nel tatto, lo scopo del mio dottorato è stato volto a studiare i meccanismi di selezione del bersaglio in compiti di ricerca tattile. Partendo dagli studi che descrivono il correlato elettrofisiologico della selezione del bersaglio nel tatto, ovvero il potenziale evento-correlato (ERP) N140cc, questa tesi presenta tre studi in cui sono stati indagati i meccanismi di selezione del bersaglio attraverso la misura dell'accuratezza, dei tassi di errore, dei tempi di reazione e della componente N140cc. Il primo studio ha indagato se il meccanismo responsabile della selezione del target fosse influenzato dal numero di elementi presenti nell'array di ricerca. A tal fine, ai partecipanti è stato chiesto di cercare lo stimolo bersaglio tra uno, tre o cinque distrattori. I risultati hanno mostrato una migliore prestazione e una maggiore ampiezza della componente N140cc nelle prove con un distrattore rispetto alle prove con più distrattori. Questi risultati suggeriscono che la numerosità degli elementi influenza la selezione e l'allocazione delle risorse attentive. Il secondo studio mirava ad osservare se la ripetizione della caratteristica dello stimolo bersaglio (la frequenza vibrotattile) potesse migliorare la sua selezione, in linea con un fenomeno già noto nel dominio visivo denominato “intertrial priming of pop-out” (PoP). I partecipanti eseguivano un compito di ricerca tattile in cui, in maniera casuale, la frequenza vibrotattile dello stimolo bersaglio era ripetuta o cambiava da una prova all’altra. I risultati hanno mostrato prestazioni migliori e un'ampiezza maggiore della componente N140cc quando la frequenza dello stimolo bersaglio era ripetuta rispetto a quando cambiava. Questi dati hanno dimostrato per la prima volta la presenza dell'effetto PoP nel tatto suggerendo che esso è associato ad una maggiore efficienza dell'elaborazione e della selezione del target. Il terzo studio ha indagato se il meccanismo di ricerca attentivo tattile è legato ad un sistema di coordinate somatotopico (parte del corpo) o esterno (posizione delle mani). I partecipanti dovevano localizzare lo stimolo bersaglio ignorando tre distrattori in condizioni in cui le mani erano incrociate o non incrociate. A livello comportamentale, i risultati hanno mostrato un decremento della prestazione quando le mani erano incrociate rispetto a quando non erano incrociate. I risultati ERP hanno mostrato una tendenza della componente N140cc ad essere più ampia nella condizione di mani non incrociate. In conclusione, il meccanismo di selezione attentiva nel tatto sembra essere influenzato da un sistema di riferimento esterno. Nel complesso, questi risultati confermano la componente N140cc come correlato elettrofisiologico della selezione tattile la cui ampiezza rifletterebbe una migliore selezione del bersaglio. Questi studi forniscono nuovi dati comportamentali ed elettrofisiologici utili a comprendere i meccanismi di selezione attentiva tattile e le differenze con le altre modalità sensoriali.
L'attenzione in compiti di ricerca tattile: indagine dei meccanismi di selezione del target attraverso l'ERP N140cc.
FIORINO, FABIOLA ROSARIA
2025
Abstract
Selective attention is the ability to prioritize one stimulus among several sensory stimuli that we encounter. Over the last 70 years, neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists have been studying the mechanisms of the selective attention using search tasks. In these tasks, participants are asked to select a target stimulus among distractors under different experimental conditions, e.g. manipulating the number of distractors, the features of the stimuli or their position. All these studies aimed to uncover the mechanisms of target selection and distractor suppression in the visual domain, describing the properties of selective visual attention. Due to the lack of knowledge about the attentional selective mechanisms in the tactile domain, the aim of my PhD has been to investigate the mechanisms responsible of target selection in tactile search tasks and highlighting the differences and similarities between the tactile and the visual domain. Starting from recent evidence describing the electrophysiological correlate of target selection in touch, that is the event-related potential (ERP) N140cc, this thesis includes a series of studies on tactile search tasks in which the mechanisms of target selection were investigated through the measure of accuracy, error rates, reaction times and the N140cc. The first study investigated whether the mechanisms responsible for target selection were affected by the number of items in the search array (i.e. set size). For this purpose, participants were asked to search for the target stimulus among one, three or five distractors. The results showed improved performance and larger N140cc amplitude in the trials with one distractor compared to trials with three and five distractors. These findings suggest that set-size affected the selection mechanism and the allocation of attentional resources in touch. The second study aimed to observe whether repeating the target stimulus feature (vibrotactile frequency) across trials enhances its selection, in line with a well-known phenomenon in the visual domain called “intertrial priming of pop-out” (PoP). Participants performed a tactile search task in which the vibrotactile frequency of the target stimulus was either repeated or changed across trials randomly. The results showed an improved behavioral performance and larger N140cc amplitude when the vibrotactile frequency of the target stimulus was repeated compared to when it was changed. This evidence demonstrated the presence of the PoP effect in touch for the first time. Results showed PoP in touch is associated with more efficient target processing and selection. The third study investigated whether the target selection is only linked to somatotopic (i.e. body part) or whether is also affected external reference frame (i.e. finger or hands posture). To this end, participants were asked to locate a target stimulus among three distractors while their hands could be crossed and uncrossed based on the experimental condition. At a behavioral level, results showed decreased accuracy rates and slower reaction times in the crossed compared to the uncrossed condition. ERP results showed that the N140cc tends to have a slightly larger amplitude in the uncrossed compared to the crossed condition. In conclusion, the attentional mechanism in touch seems to be influenced by the external reference frame. The present studies confirm the N140cc component as an electrophysiological correlate of tactile selection. Notably, the amplitude of the N140cc reflects improved target selection. Overall, these findings provide new behavioral and electrophysiological insight into the mechanisms of target selection in tactile search tasks shedding in light the differences with other sensory modalities.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/197580
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-197580