Enhancing Efficiency in Last-Mile Food Delivery: Analysis of innovative and alternative delivery systems through Mixed-Methods and Simulation

They use an experimental, empirical and exploratory approach to evaluate seven delivery models: Standard Delivery, Consolidated Systems, Dynamic Courier Routing (DCR), Hyper-Local Architectures, Green Delivery Programmes, Shared Delivery Platforms, and Blockchain-Based Platforms. Using a mixed-methods methodology, it uses Solution Building, Lean Theory testing, BPMN testing and full Solution Testing, supported by large NetLogo simulations involving more than 2,500 delivery cases per model. The results demonstrate that the DCR model delivers far superior quality than traditional systems with average delivery time 21.31 vs 54.70 minutes (a 61% efficiency improvement as observed in Henderson & Zhang (2023). Additionally, Value Stream Mapping exercises using Lean Theory show 18% operational savings via better utilization of resources, as per Kumar & Roberts (2024). Their results also support theoretical predictions about market density, proving that DCR delivery times are up to 37% shorter in dense urban environments. Combining findings from the grey literature with the science, this study closes a large hole in management research on food delivery effectiveness, with far-reaching practical implications for the industry. The major providers Glovo and Deliveroo already use hybrid models that juggle standard and DCR methodologies, but still face issues with policy compliance and rider behavior that can erode performance gains. Putting these novel delivery technologies into practice successfully will require cost-effective analysis and coordination of supply chain efforts, and this reflects the tension between innovation and implementation. This research adds to the literature and industry informing effective and adaptive food delivery practices in the ever-changing environment of last-mile logistics.