From a sample made of 76 listed banks – located in the Eurozone plus the United Kingdom – over a 2008- 2017 time horizon, we investigate the association between the shareholding base (or a more circumscribed ‘ownership structure’, up to the top 20 stakes), on the one hand, and risk and performance fundamentals, on the other. In particular, we test: (1) whether the owners’ risk-return profile does impact on a credit institution’s fundamentals; (2) via a network analysis approach, whether the owners’ risk-return profile does determine the extent to which institutions are interconnected in terms of the same subjects being invested in multiple banks (‘shareholder network’); (3) whether such interconnections, in turn, do play any effect on an entity’s fundamentals. We express the owners’ risk-return profile through the Risk-Weighted Ownership (RWO) index, i.e. the sum of all the equity stakes in a bank, each one weighted by the holder’s riskiness. The latter is obtained by adapting the coefficients that in the Basel framework are attached to borrowers, consistently with the relationship – grounded in the literature – between shareholding composition, on the one hand, and corporate strategy, on the other. This is the first work to encompass a detailed enquiry on the individual shareholder’s identity and quality – on the basis of granular, hand-collected data – by using creditworthiness as a proxy of risk propensity. Thanks to a broad exploratory study, and by testing multiple alternative versions of newly-constructed variables, the above relationships show robust empirical evidence. Moreover, our analysis ascertains whether the effects’ intensity and direction does depend upon the presence of an outright-majority shareholder or the bank’s business model. From results, we deduce that the trend of accounting-based variables might differ from that of market-based ones: hence, new insights on market efficiency do stem. Finally, the research sheds new light on the operating differences between the banking system and non-financial industries. This is mainly due to regulators’ action, which alters the classical principal-agent paradigm. We control for this phenomenon by adding to our models some variables on corporate governance, i.e. the channel whereby shareholders’ orientation gets conveyed onto managerial decisions. Conclusions are particularly useful to a wide array of banking stakeholders, interested in both the stateof-art and future dynamics (a) of individual institutions, thanks to analysing the owners’ risk-return profile; (b) of the credit industry as a whole, from a macroprudential standpoint, thanks to network analysis’ ability to seize the systemic dimension of risk. In particular, regulators might look at a bank’s RWO index and shareholder network to ex-ante infer their financial prospects, regardless of the entity’s conduct.
Sulla base di un campione di 76 banche quotate – aventi sede nell’Eurozona o nel Regno Unito – e lungo un orizzonte 2008-2017, indaghiamo la relazione fra la compagine sociale (o una più ristretta «struttura proprietaria», formata dalle prime 20 quote), da un lato, e i fondamentali in termini di rischio e performance, dall’altro. In particolare, verifichiamo: (1) se il profilo di rischio-rendimento degli azionisti influisca sui fondamentali dell’ente creditizio; (2) secondo un approccio di network analysis, se il profilo di rischio-rendimento degli azionisti determini quanto le banche siano fra loro interconnesse tramite la presenza degli stessi soggetti nel capitale di più enti; (3) se tali interconnessioni, a loro volta, abbiano un effetto sui fondamentali di un ente. Il profilo di rischio-rendimento degli azionisti è espresso dall’indice di Risk-Weighted Ownership (RWO), che rappresenta la somma delle quote nel capitale di una banca ponderate per la rischiosità del possessore. Quest’ultima è ottenuta adattando i coefficienti che il framework di Basilea attribuisce ai prenditori di fondi, in coerenza con la relazione – documentata dalla letteratura – tra la composizione dell’azionariato, da un lato, e la strategia aziendale, dall’altro. Questo è il primo lavoro che operi un’indagine dettagliata sull’identità e la “qualità” del singolo azionista – sulla base di dati granulari raccolti manualmente – utilizzando il merito di credito come proxy della propensione al rischio. Grazie a un ampio studio esplorativo, nonché testando molteplici versioni alternative delle variabili create ex novo, le relazioni di cui sopra trovano robusta evidenza empirica. La nostra analisi, inoltre, accerta anche se l’intensità e la direzione degli effetti dipenda dalla presenza di un soggetto detentore della maggioranza assoluta del capitale o dal modello di business della banca. Dai risultati deduciamo che, in potenza, il comportamento delle variabili di bilancio (accounting-based) diverge da quello delle variabili di mercato (marketbased). Da ciò emergono nuovi spunti sull’efficienza dei mercati. Infine, la ricerca getta nuova luce sulle differenze di funzionamento tra il sistema bancario e i settori non-finanziari. Questo è principalmente dovuto alle azioni del regolatore, che altera il tradizionale paradigma principale-agente. Questo fenomeno è studiato aggiungendo ai modelli alcune variabili di corporate governance, il canale attraverso cui gli orientamenti dell’azionariato si trasmettono alle decisioni manageriali. Le conclusioni appaiono particolarmente utili per un’ampia gamma di stakeholder del sistema bancario, interessati tanto alle condizioni attuali quanto alle dinamiche future (a) del singolo istituto, grazie all’analisi del profilo di rischio-rendimento degli azionisti, (b) del settore creditizio nel suo complesso, in un’ottica macroprudenziale, grazie alla capacità della network analysis di catturare la dimensione sistemica del rischio. In particolare, il regolatore potrebbe guardare all’indice RWO e alla “rete” di una banca per inferirne ex ante la prospettiva finanziaria, indipendentemente dalla condotta dell’ente.
This industry is different: an enquiry into the capital of banks: ownership structures, shareholder networks, and their risk-return effects
BELLARDINI, LUCA
2021
Abstract
From a sample made of 76 listed banks – located in the Eurozone plus the United Kingdom – over a 2008- 2017 time horizon, we investigate the association between the shareholding base (or a more circumscribed ‘ownership structure’, up to the top 20 stakes), on the one hand, and risk and performance fundamentals, on the other. In particular, we test: (1) whether the owners’ risk-return profile does impact on a credit institution’s fundamentals; (2) via a network analysis approach, whether the owners’ risk-return profile does determine the extent to which institutions are interconnected in terms of the same subjects being invested in multiple banks (‘shareholder network’); (3) whether such interconnections, in turn, do play any effect on an entity’s fundamentals. We express the owners’ risk-return profile through the Risk-Weighted Ownership (RWO) index, i.e. the sum of all the equity stakes in a bank, each one weighted by the holder’s riskiness. The latter is obtained by adapting the coefficients that in the Basel framework are attached to borrowers, consistently with the relationship – grounded in the literature – between shareholding composition, on the one hand, and corporate strategy, on the other. This is the first work to encompass a detailed enquiry on the individual shareholder’s identity and quality – on the basis of granular, hand-collected data – by using creditworthiness as a proxy of risk propensity. Thanks to a broad exploratory study, and by testing multiple alternative versions of newly-constructed variables, the above relationships show robust empirical evidence. Moreover, our analysis ascertains whether the effects’ intensity and direction does depend upon the presence of an outright-majority shareholder or the bank’s business model. From results, we deduce that the trend of accounting-based variables might differ from that of market-based ones: hence, new insights on market efficiency do stem. Finally, the research sheds new light on the operating differences between the banking system and non-financial industries. This is mainly due to regulators’ action, which alters the classical principal-agent paradigm. We control for this phenomenon by adding to our models some variables on corporate governance, i.e. the channel whereby shareholders’ orientation gets conveyed onto managerial decisions. Conclusions are particularly useful to a wide array of banking stakeholders, interested in both the stateof-art and future dynamics (a) of individual institutions, thanks to analysing the owners’ risk-return profile; (b) of the credit industry as a whole, from a macroprudential standpoint, thanks to network analysis’ ability to seize the systemic dimension of risk. In particular, regulators might look at a bank’s RWO index and shareholder network to ex-ante infer their financial prospects, regardless of the entity’s conduct.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/199473
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-199473