Hydrogen has emerged as a primary factor to address both the climate and energy crises, owing to its clean combustion and storability. Among storage alternatives, underground hydrogen storage (UHS) offers significant advantages, including large capacities, enhanced safety, and lower levelized costs of stored gas. However, given Italy's extensive oil and gas infrastructure and the geological diversity of its hydrocarbon reservoirs, a dedicated workflow is essential to optimize site-selection procedures. In this context, this thesis establishes a robust workflow for selecting UHS sites, contributing to the assessment of hydrogen storage potential within Italy's porous, depleted, and nearly depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. To achieve this goal, two primary stages were developed: a preliminary screening phase and a site-specific characterization phase. In the screening stage, a wide range of candidate sites was evaluated using a custom method designed to rank them from multiple perspectives and identify the most promising options for hydrogen storage. Key parameters influencing the site ranking were highlighted, and potential scores were calculated for less well-characterized sites. Building on this, a comprehensive experimental approach was applied to evaluate the geochemical reactivity and potential structural changes induced by hydrogen exposure in a sandstone from an Italian reservoir. This included a preliminary characterization of Torrente Baganza turbiditic sandstones, followed by a series of static batch tests and a flow-through experiment conducted at varying pressures, temperatures, and durations to simulate conditions potentially occurring in UHS sites over both short and long timescales. The samples underwent post-exposure petrographic, structural, and geochemical re-characterization. Results revealed limited differences between control and hydrogen-treated samples; however, these findings also underscored the importance of including geomechanical assessments in future site selection processes. Overall, this study introduces the first systematic workflow for the ranking and characterization of potential UHS sites in Italy, marking a fundamental step toward evaluating the country's hydrogen storage potential in porous hydrocarbon reservoirs. Additionally, the research highlights the benefits of active collaboration between academia and industry, offering valuable insights into sandstone reactivity to hydrogen and identifying effective experimental approaches for similar assessments.
L'idrogeno è emerso come un fattore chiave per affrontare sia la crisi climatica che quella energetica, grazie a caratteristiche quali una combustione pulita e la possibilità di essere stoccato. Rispetto alle alternative, lo stoccaggio sotterraneo di idrogeno (UHS) offre un’elevata capacità, maggiore sicurezza e costi di stoccaggio inferiori per unità di massa. Tuttavia, date le numerose infrastrutture per l’estrazione di idrocarburi presenti in Italia e la variabilità geologica dei suoi giacimenti, è essenziale sviluppare un metodo dedicato per ottimizzare le procedure di selezione dei siti. In questo contesto, la presente tesi propone un workflow per la selezione dei siti UHS, contribuendo alla valutazione del potenziale di stoccaggio di idrogeno nei giacimenti di idrocarburi porosi, esauriti e quasi esauriti presenti in Italia. Il metodo proposto si articola in due fasi principali: una fase di screening e una fase di caratterizzazione sito-specifica di laboratorio. Durante la fase di screening, un ampio numero di siti è stato valutato e classificato in collaborazione con Eni considerando vari aspetti chiave per l’attività di stoccaggio e ottenendo una serie di classifiche e punteggi in funzione della performance effettiva e potenziale dei siti valutati per lo stoccaggio di idrogeno. Quindi, un’arenaria sito-specifica è stata selezionata per una valutazione sperimentalmente della reattività geochimica e dei cambiamenti strutturali indotti dall'esposizione a idrogeno. Questo ha incluso una caratterizzazione preliminare delle arenarie, seguita da un esperimento in flusso continuo e da una serie di test statici in batch condotti a diverse pressioni, temperature e durate, atti a simulare condizioni potenzialmente riscontrabili nei siti UHS su scale temporali sia brevi che lunghe. I campioni sono stati successivamente sottoposti a una ri-caratterizzazione petrografica, strutturale e geochimica post-esposizione. I risultati hanno mostrato differenze limitate tra i campioni di controllo e quelli trattati con idrogeno; tuttavia, hanno anche evidenziato l'importanza di includere valutazioni geomeccaniche nei futuri processi di selezione dei siti. Complessivamente, questo studio introduce il primo workflow sistematico per la classificazione e caratterizzazione dei potenziali siti UHS in Italia, rappresentando un passo importante nella valutazione del potenziale di stoccaggio dell'idrogeno nei giacimenti di idrocarburi porosi del Paese. Inoltre, la ricerca sottolinea i benefici della collaborazione attiva tra il mondo accademico e l'industria, fornendo preziosi spunti sulla reattività delle arenarie all'idrogeno e identificando approcci sperimentali efficaci per valutazioni analoghe.
Evaluation of the hydrogen storage potential of porous-media depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs of Italy
RIDOLFI, RICCARDO MARIA
2025
Abstract
Hydrogen has emerged as a primary factor to address both the climate and energy crises, owing to its clean combustion and storability. Among storage alternatives, underground hydrogen storage (UHS) offers significant advantages, including large capacities, enhanced safety, and lower levelized costs of stored gas. However, given Italy's extensive oil and gas infrastructure and the geological diversity of its hydrocarbon reservoirs, a dedicated workflow is essential to optimize site-selection procedures. In this context, this thesis establishes a robust workflow for selecting UHS sites, contributing to the assessment of hydrogen storage potential within Italy's porous, depleted, and nearly depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. To achieve this goal, two primary stages were developed: a preliminary screening phase and a site-specific characterization phase. In the screening stage, a wide range of candidate sites was evaluated using a custom method designed to rank them from multiple perspectives and identify the most promising options for hydrogen storage. Key parameters influencing the site ranking were highlighted, and potential scores were calculated for less well-characterized sites. Building on this, a comprehensive experimental approach was applied to evaluate the geochemical reactivity and potential structural changes induced by hydrogen exposure in a sandstone from an Italian reservoir. This included a preliminary characterization of Torrente Baganza turbiditic sandstones, followed by a series of static batch tests and a flow-through experiment conducted at varying pressures, temperatures, and durations to simulate conditions potentially occurring in UHS sites over both short and long timescales. The samples underwent post-exposure petrographic, structural, and geochemical re-characterization. Results revealed limited differences between control and hydrogen-treated samples; however, these findings also underscored the importance of including geomechanical assessments in future site selection processes. Overall, this study introduces the first systematic workflow for the ranking and characterization of potential UHS sites in Italy, marking a fundamental step toward evaluating the country's hydrogen storage potential in porous hydrocarbon reservoirs. Additionally, the research highlights the benefits of active collaboration between academia and industry, offering valuable insights into sandstone reactivity to hydrogen and identifying effective experimental approaches for similar assessments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/199738
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-199738