Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells represent a key subset in innate immunity. They represent 1-5% of the circulating T cells and can be massively activated by non peptidic compounds generated by metabolic pathways. The activation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells results in killing of infected cells and in fast release of soluble factors with direct antimicrobial properties, as well as immunomodulatory activity. The main aim of this work was to define the antiviral mechanisms activity exploited by Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells in order to evaluate their possible use as target for new immunotherapy. The antiviral activity of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells against SARS-CoV and HCV infections was evaluated. Health care workers who survived SARS-CoV infection showed a selective expansion of effector/memory Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells which was associated with a higher anti SARS-CoV IgG titers, suggesting a possible involvement of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells in SARS immunosurveillance. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that stimulated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells displays an IFN-gamma-dependent anti-SARS-CoV activity and are able to directly kill SARS-CoV infected cells. A similar analysis was performed using an in vitro model for HCV replication (HCV replicon system). The activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell was able to induce a strong inhibition of HCV replication, and this antiviral activity was mainly mediated by IFN-gamma production. Interestingly, drugs already in clinical use, such as Phosphostim and Zoledronate, known able to activate gammadelta T cells, were shown to induce the IFN-g-mediated inhibition of HCV replication, suggesting that the therapeutic activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes may represent an additional strategy to inhibit HCV replication and to restore a Th1 polarizes immune response in HCV-infected patients. Finally, we demonstrated that soluble factor released by Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells are able to induce the activation of granulocytes with consequent release of alpha-defensins. Altogether, our results suggest that the activation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells by using specific drugs may induce a direct antiviral activity and may result in granulocyte activation and alpha-defensins release. Thus, drugs targeting Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells may be tested as new antiviral and immunomodulatory components in combined therapeutical strategies for infectious diseases.
I linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 giocano un ruolo decisivo nel contesto dell’immunità innata. Tali linfociti rappresentano circa l’ 1-5% di tutti i linfociti T circolanti e possono essere attivati da composti non proteici prodotti nelle le vie metaboliche cellulari. I linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 attivati sono in grado di uccidere le cellule infette e di rilasciare rapidamente un cocktail di fattori solubili con proprietà antimicrobiche e immunomodulatorie. L’obbiettivo principale di questo lavoro è stato quello di definire i meccanismi responsabili dell’attività antivirale dei linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 per poter valutare un loro possibile utilizzo come bersagli per nuove strategie immunoterapeutiche. In particolare, l’attività antivirale dei linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 è stata valutata in due diversi modelli di infezione virale come l’infezione da SARS-CoV e l’infezione da HCV. In operatori sanitari sopravissuti all’infezione da SARS-CoV abbiamo osservato una espansione selettiva dei linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 con fenotipo di cellule effettrici/memoria. Questa espansione risultava essere associata ad un più alto titolo di anticorpi IgG specifici per il SARS-CoV, suggerendo un possibile coinvolgimento dei linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 nei processi di immunosorveglianza della SARS. Inoltre, esperimenti in vitro hanno dimostrato che la stimolazione dei linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 è in grado di inibire la replicazione del SARS-CoV sia attraverso il rilascio di IFN-gamma sia attraverso l’uccisione diretta di cellule infette. Un approccio simile è stato applicato per l’infezione da HCV utilizzando un modello in vitro di replicazione del virus (HCV replicon). L’attivazione dei linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 mediante composti non proteici o mediante l’utilizzo di farmaci già in uso nella pratica clinica per altre patologie, è risultata in grado di inibire fortemente la replicazione di HCV attraverso un meccanismo legato al rilascio di IFN-gamma. L’efficacia antivirale della stimolazione delle cellule T Vgamma9Vdelta2 con farmaci aminobifosfonati suggerisce che l’attivazione in vivo di queste cellule può di fatto rappresentare una nuova strategia immunoterapeutica in corso di infezione da HCV capace di inibire la replicazione del virus e di ripristinare una risposta immunitaria di tipo Th1. Infine, in questo lavoro abbiamo dimostrato che i mediatori solubili prodotti dai linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 sono in grado di indurre l’attivazione delle cellule granulocitarie con conseguente rilascio di alfa defensine. In conclusione, i nostri risultati suggeriscono che l’attivazione dei linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 mediante l’utilizzo di farmaci è in grado di indurre da un parte la diretta inibizione della replicazione virale e dall’altra il rilascio di molecole antimicrobiche da parte dei granulociti. Alla luce di tali risultati diventa necessario testare i farmaci che attivano i linfociti T Vgamma9Vdelta2 come nuove molecole antivirali e immunomodulanti all’interno di strategie terapeutiche combinate.
Antiviral activity of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells: a possible target for immunotherapy
Chiara, Agrati
2008
Abstract
Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells represent a key subset in innate immunity. They represent 1-5% of the circulating T cells and can be massively activated by non peptidic compounds generated by metabolic pathways. The activation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells results in killing of infected cells and in fast release of soluble factors with direct antimicrobial properties, as well as immunomodulatory activity. The main aim of this work was to define the antiviral mechanisms activity exploited by Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells in order to evaluate their possible use as target for new immunotherapy. The antiviral activity of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells against SARS-CoV and HCV infections was evaluated. Health care workers who survived SARS-CoV infection showed a selective expansion of effector/memory Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells which was associated with a higher anti SARS-CoV IgG titers, suggesting a possible involvement of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells in SARS immunosurveillance. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that stimulated Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells displays an IFN-gamma-dependent anti-SARS-CoV activity and are able to directly kill SARS-CoV infected cells. A similar analysis was performed using an in vitro model for HCV replication (HCV replicon system). The activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell was able to induce a strong inhibition of HCV replication, and this antiviral activity was mainly mediated by IFN-gamma production. Interestingly, drugs already in clinical use, such as Phosphostim and Zoledronate, known able to activate gammadelta T cells, were shown to induce the IFN-g-mediated inhibition of HCV replication, suggesting that the therapeutic activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes may represent an additional strategy to inhibit HCV replication and to restore a Th1 polarizes immune response in HCV-infected patients. Finally, we demonstrated that soluble factor released by Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells are able to induce the activation of granulocytes with consequent release of alpha-defensins. Altogether, our results suggest that the activation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells by using specific drugs may induce a direct antiviral activity and may result in granulocyte activation and alpha-defensins release. Thus, drugs targeting Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells may be tested as new antiviral and immunomodulatory components in combined therapeutical strategies for infectious diseases.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/199882
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-199882