This thesis is a work on married women and labor force participation in Mediterranean countries and it is composed in 3 section. In this first part we uses quantile regression and counterfactual decomposition methods to investigate whether a "glass ceiling" exists or if instead a sticky or is more prevalent among European families over time (2001 and 2006). We correct for selectivity the unconditional wage distribution of married women and we show that the wage gap decomposition is different if we ignore self-selection. We find that the wage gap is positive in each country, and the greater part of it is composed of a discrimination effect, while the characteristics effect is small. In Mediterranean countries, wives suffer from the sticky oor effect, i.e. the gender gap is bigger at the bottom of distribution, while we can observe that the glass ceiling effect decreased in most countries in 2006. In the second part we explore one of big cause that sometime women decide no enter in the labor market i.e. children. Parents in the labor force have balanced their work and home life, including the choice of the type of care to provide for their children while they work. In this part we study the connection between the married women's labor force participation, childcare arrangements and the time that husbands and wives spend to take care of children in Mediterranean countries. As more women are now in the labor force the interest in 3 the use child care and housework of husbands have grown. We use the new database from the EU-SILC (European Survey on Income and Living Conditions)in 2006 and data from the ECHP(European Community Household Panel)in 2001, because these two data-sets give us different information about child care and housework. The traditional role of mothers in child care activities is highly valued by many families, especially in Southern European countries. The results show that while Mediterranean countries have advanced in the incorporation of women into the labor market, most of them still have to assume total responsibility for housework and the care of the children. Childcare arrangements are an important instrument for women to enter in paid employment. Mediterranean countries prefer to use unpaid childcare, but women in Spain, Italy and Greece continue to prefer taking themselves care of children. Finally we want to analyze a problem that more economist find when we want to study the labor market of female: selection bias. This study utilizes a panel data sample selection model to correct the selection in the analysis of longitudinal labor market data for married women in European countries. We estimate the female wage equation in a framework of unbalanced panel data models with sample selection. The wage equations of females have several potential sources of bias so in this paper a panel data estimator, a test for selection bias and a correction procedure are used.
Questa tesi si divide in tre parti studiando il mondo lavorale delle donne sposate nell’Europa Meridionale. Nella prima parte usando la regressione quantilica e la decomposizione counterfattuale studiamo se le donne che sono nel mercato del lavoro soffrono di un effetto di "glass ceiling", cioè se la differenzia salariale tra uomini e donne, nella distribuzione del salario è più grande nella parte alta del salario o se le donne soffrono di un effetto di “sticky floor” le differenze salariali sono più alte nella parte bassa della distribuzione salariale. Correggiamo inoltre il salario per l’effetto di selection bias. Troviamo che le differenze salariali sono positive nei paesi mediterranei dove la discriminazione salariale è più alta rispetto alle differenze in caratteristiche tra uomo e donna. Nella seconda parte esploriamo una delle grandi cause che non permettono alle donne di entrare nel mercato del lavoro: avere dei figli. I genitori devo decidere chi si prende cura dei figli e chi va a lavorare. Sicuramente osserviamo una crescita del lavoro domestico da parte dei mariti, anche se però responsabili della cura dei figli normalmente sono le madri soprattutto nel sud d’Europa, dovuto sicuramente alle forti tradizioni familiari che soffrono questi paesi. In questa parte studiamo il collegamento fra le donne sposate e la partecipazione prendendo in considerazione l’effetto che può avere la rete di assistenza di aiuto di badare ai figli, come le baby sitter, i nonni e gli asilo nidi. Nella terza parte utilizziamo un modello di panel data per studiare l’effetto di selezione che abbiamo quando vogliamo studiare la presenza delle donne nel mercato di lavoro, essendo esse non rappresentative dell’intero campione. Per la realizzazione di questo studio usiamo i dati dell’EU-SILC 2006 e delle ECHP 2001.
Disadvantage or discrimination? Work and family life for married women in Mediterranean countries
NICODEMO, CATIA
2009
Abstract
This thesis is a work on married women and labor force participation in Mediterranean countries and it is composed in 3 section. In this first part we uses quantile regression and counterfactual decomposition methods to investigate whether a "glass ceiling" exists or if instead a sticky or is more prevalent among European families over time (2001 and 2006). We correct for selectivity the unconditional wage distribution of married women and we show that the wage gap decomposition is different if we ignore self-selection. We find that the wage gap is positive in each country, and the greater part of it is composed of a discrimination effect, while the characteristics effect is small. In Mediterranean countries, wives suffer from the sticky oor effect, i.e. the gender gap is bigger at the bottom of distribution, while we can observe that the glass ceiling effect decreased in most countries in 2006. In the second part we explore one of big cause that sometime women decide no enter in the labor market i.e. children. Parents in the labor force have balanced their work and home life, including the choice of the type of care to provide for their children while they work. In this part we study the connection between the married women's labor force participation, childcare arrangements and the time that husbands and wives spend to take care of children in Mediterranean countries. As more women are now in the labor force the interest in 3 the use child care and housework of husbands have grown. We use the new database from the EU-SILC (European Survey on Income and Living Conditions)in 2006 and data from the ECHP(European Community Household Panel)in 2001, because these two data-sets give us different information about child care and housework. The traditional role of mothers in child care activities is highly valued by many families, especially in Southern European countries. The results show that while Mediterranean countries have advanced in the incorporation of women into the labor market, most of them still have to assume total responsibility for housework and the care of the children. Childcare arrangements are an important instrument for women to enter in paid employment. Mediterranean countries prefer to use unpaid childcare, but women in Spain, Italy and Greece continue to prefer taking themselves care of children. Finally we want to analyze a problem that more economist find when we want to study the labor market of female: selection bias. This study utilizes a panel data sample selection model to correct the selection in the analysis of longitudinal labor market data for married women in European countries. We estimate the female wage equation in a framework of unbalanced panel data models with sample selection. The wage equations of females have several potential sources of bias so in this paper a panel data estimator, a test for selection bias and a correction procedure are used.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Nicodemotesi.pdf
non disponibili
Dimensione
1.34 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.34 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/199961
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-199961