Many earlier studies have described Ca2+ alterations in apoptosis in terms of cytosolic Ca2+ elevation, thus concluding that apoptosis may be triggered by a deregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the recent availability of fluorescent cell-permeant Ca2+ probes together with the strong development of Ca2+ measurements instruments are evidencing that apoptotic signalling mechanisms are more sophisticated that previously believed, and other, more subtle correlations between Ca2+ metabolism and apoptotic signalling begin to appear. Thus, the paradigm that apoptosis required an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is currently shaken by the finding that cytosolic Ca2+ elevation during apoptosis can paradoxically exert either a pro-apoptotic or an anti-apoptotic effect. However, in spite of many current studies concerning the role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival, it remains to be explained why Ca2+ alterations play different roles in the apoptosis of different cell systems, and overall the effective role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival is still elusive. In this thesis, we have analysed the role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival, by applying different approaches (i.e., by setting up a novel method that allows the analysis at the single cell level of static as well as dynamic Ca2+ parameters in apoptosing cell; by perturbing Ca2+ homeostasis with different chemical and physical agents before inducing apoptosis). Through these approaches, we have identified a number of progressive, temporally defined phases, characterized by changes in Ca2+ parameters after the induction of apoptosis, among either pre-apoptotic or frankly apoptotic cells, thus indicating that multiple types of Ca2+ alterations with different meanings occur in apoptosis. Moreover, we have delineated the existence of different pro-survival pathways (namely cell defence pathway or pro-survival pathway) actuated in response to different stress and involving Ca2+ in opposite way. The data here presented are consistent with a dualistic effect of Ca2+ on cell survival depending on the damage suffered by cells. This is in line with emerging evidence that Ca2+ may play a pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic role. Thus, our data might account for the apparent incongruencies of many studies dealing with the study of Ca2+ alterations in apoptosis, thus indicating that multiple types of Ca2+ alterations with different meanings may occur in both apoptosis and survival.
Numerosi studi hanno inizialmente descritto alterazioni del calcio (Ca2+), in termini di un aumento di Ca2+ citosolico, in apoptosi. Ciò ha portato alla opinione diffusa che una deregolazione dell’omeostasi del Ca2+ sia un evento richiesto per l’avvio dell’apoptosi. La recente disponibilità di sonde fluorescenti permeabili per analizzare i parametri di Ca2+ intracellulare insieme con il forte sviluppo di strumenti per le misure del Ca2+ stanno evidenziando che i meccanismi alla base della segnalazione intracellulare apoptotica sono molto più sofisticati di quanto creduto in precedenza e altre più sottili correlazioni tra il metabolismo del Ca2+ e la segnalazione apoptotica cominciano ad apparire. Così, il paradigma che l’apoptosi richieda un aumento di Ca2+ citosolico è attualmente messo in discussione dall’osservazione che un aumento di Ca2+ citosolico può paradossalmente esercitare sia un effetto pro-apoptotico che anti-apoptotico. Nonostante numerosi studi riguardanti il ruolo del Ca2+ nei fenomeni di apoptosi/sopravvivenza, ancora oggi resta da spiegare perché le alterazioni del Ca2+ possano svolgere ruoli così diversi in differenti sistemi cellulari e soprattutto il ruolo effettivo del Ca2+ nell’apoptosi/sopravvivenza è ancora elusivo. In questa tesi, ho analizzato il ruolo del Ca2+ nei fenomeni di apoptosi/sopravvivenza, applicando differenti approcci (per es., mettendo a punto una nuova metodologia che permette l’analisi a livello di singola cellula di parametri statici e dinamici del Ca2+ in cellule indotte in apoptosi; perturbando, l’omeostasi del Ca2+ con diversi agenti chimici e fisici prima di indurre l’apoptosi). Attraverso questi approcci, ho identificato un numero di fasi progressive, temporalmente definite, caratterizzate da cambiamenti nei parametri del Ca2+ dopo l’induzione dell’apoptosi, sia in cellule pre-apoptotiche che francamente apoptotiche, indicando così che molteplici tipi di alterazioni del Ca2+ con differenti significati avvengono in apoptosi. Inoltre ho delineato l’esistenza di differenti pathway pro-sopravvivenza (che ho chiamato, rispettivamente, pathway di difesa cellulare e pathway di sopravvivenza) attuati in risposta a differenti stress e coinvolgenti il Ca2+ in modo opposto. I dati qui riportati sono consistenti con un ruolo dualistico del Ca2+ sulla sopravvivenza cellulare dipendente dal danno subito dalle cellule. Questo è in linea con emergenti evidenze che il Ca2+ possa svolgere un ruolo pro-apoptotico e anti-apoptotico. Pertanto, i miei dati potrebbero fornire una possibile spiegazione alle apparenti incongruenze di molti studi che descrivono le alterazioni del Ca2+ in apoptosi, indicando così che molteplici tipi di alterazioni di Ca2+ con differenti significati possono avvenire sia nei fenomeni di apoptosi che di sopravvivenza.
Calcium alterations in apoptotic and survival pathways
CERELLA, CLAUDIA
2006
Abstract
Many earlier studies have described Ca2+ alterations in apoptosis in terms of cytosolic Ca2+ elevation, thus concluding that apoptosis may be triggered by a deregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the recent availability of fluorescent cell-permeant Ca2+ probes together with the strong development of Ca2+ measurements instruments are evidencing that apoptotic signalling mechanisms are more sophisticated that previously believed, and other, more subtle correlations between Ca2+ metabolism and apoptotic signalling begin to appear. Thus, the paradigm that apoptosis required an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is currently shaken by the finding that cytosolic Ca2+ elevation during apoptosis can paradoxically exert either a pro-apoptotic or an anti-apoptotic effect. However, in spite of many current studies concerning the role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival, it remains to be explained why Ca2+ alterations play different roles in the apoptosis of different cell systems, and overall the effective role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival is still elusive. In this thesis, we have analysed the role of Ca2+ in apoptosis/survival, by applying different approaches (i.e., by setting up a novel method that allows the analysis at the single cell level of static as well as dynamic Ca2+ parameters in apoptosing cell; by perturbing Ca2+ homeostasis with different chemical and physical agents before inducing apoptosis). Through these approaches, we have identified a number of progressive, temporally defined phases, characterized by changes in Ca2+ parameters after the induction of apoptosis, among either pre-apoptotic or frankly apoptotic cells, thus indicating that multiple types of Ca2+ alterations with different meanings occur in apoptosis. Moreover, we have delineated the existence of different pro-survival pathways (namely cell defence pathway or pro-survival pathway) actuated in response to different stress and involving Ca2+ in opposite way. The data here presented are consistent with a dualistic effect of Ca2+ on cell survival depending on the damage suffered by cells. This is in line with emerging evidence that Ca2+ may play a pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic role. Thus, our data might account for the apparent incongruencies of many studies dealing with the study of Ca2+ alterations in apoptosis, thus indicating that multiple types of Ca2+ alterations with different meanings may occur in both apoptosis and survival.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/200000
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-200000