Thiopurines, used for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), can lead to thiopurine-induced pancreatitis (TIP), a dose-independent reaction that could be more serious in pediatric patients and whose mechanism is unknown. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are useful to study TIP in a personalized way, and the present study aims to elucidate this adverse effect by using iPSC-derived 2D and 3D pancreatic models. Ten pediatric patients with IBD, five developing TIP and five without it, and four healthy controls, were enrolled at the IRCCS Burlo Garofolo (Trieste, Italy). MTT assays on 2D pancreatic models indicated a statistically higher cytotoxicity of thioguanine in iPSCs and pancreatic cells from TIP patients compared to no-TIP (p<0.001, two-way ANOVA). The statistically different concentrations were 2.5x10-7 M (p<0.001, Bonferroni post-hoc test) and 1.6x10-5 M (p<0.05, Bonferroni post-hoc test), respectively for iPSCs and differentiated cells. Moreover, TIP pancreatic cells were statistically more sensitive to mercaptopurine (p<0.001, two-way ANOVA). In addition, patients’ iPSCs only produced thioguanosine monophosphate and its methylated form after thioguanine treatment, but their concentrations were not significantly different between TIP and no-TIP patients. No statistically relevant differences in HPRT, NUDT15, ITPA, and PACSIN2 gene expression were noticed between TIP and no-TIP iPSCs. On the other hand, no-TIP iPSCs expressed statistically higher levels of TPMT (p<0.05, t-test), but this difference was not significant in differentiated cells. No differences emerged in the expression of the thiopurine target Rac1 between TIP and no-TIP iPSCs; conversely, Rac1 was statistically higher in TIP pancreatic cells (p<0.05, t-test). Thus, TPMT different expression in iPSCs could be related to TIP onset in these cells, while differences in Rac1 expression might be related to TIP onset in exocrine pancreatic cells. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to better elucidate TIP mechanism. We optimized two protocols for the generation of exocrine pancreatic organoids from iPSCs. Real-time PCR showed that organoids expressed higher levels of the two isoforms of pancreatic amylase (AMY2A and AMY2B) compared to iPSCs. This difference was statistically significant for the organoids obtained with protocol 2 (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test). Both the organoids expressed higher levels of CK19 and SOX9, ductal markers, compared to iPSCs, despite not significantly. In addition, both the organoids expressed insulin, typical of the endocrine counterpart, and albumin, indicating hepatic contaminations. Insulin and albumin levels were higher in organoids obtained with protocol 1. Immunofluorescence confirmed, in both the organoids, the presence of amylase in the cell cytoplasm, and cytokeratin 19, near the ducts. Hematoxylin and eosin staining further confirmed that the organoids retain the histological features of the pancreas in vivo. Therefore, so far protocol 2 seems to be more specific and reproducible than protocol 1. After choosing the best protocol, it will be used to generate pancreatic organoids from TIP, no-TIP patients, and healthy controls, to study TIP in a more accurate way.
Le tiopurine, usate per le malattie infiammatorie intestinali (IBD), possono portare alla pancreatite indotta da tiopurine (TIP), una reazione dose-indipendente che è più grave nei pazienti pediatrici e il cui meccanismo è sconosciuto. Le cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPSCs) sono utili per studiare la TIP in modo personalizzato e questo studio si propone di elucidare questo effetto avverso usando modelli pancreatici 2D e 3D iPSC-derivati. Dieci pazienti pediatrici con IBD, cinque con TIP e cinque senza, e quattro controlli sani, sono stati arruolati presso l'IRCCS Burlo Garofolo (Trieste, Italia). I saggi MTT effettuati sui modelli pancreatici 2D hanno indicato una citotossicità statisticamente maggiore della tioguanina nelle iPSCs e nelle cellule pancreatiche dei pazienti con TIP rispetto ai no-TIP (p<0,001, ANOVA a due vie). Le concentrazioni statisticamente significative erano 2,5x10-7 M (p<0,001, Bonferroni post-hoc test) e 1,6x10-5 M (p<0,05, Bonferroni post-hoc test), rispettivamente per iPSCs e cellule differenziate. Le cellule pancreatiche TIP erano anche statisticamente più sensibili alla mercaptopurina (p<0,001, ANOVA a due vie). Inoltre, le iPSCs dei pazienti producevano solo tioguanosina monofosfato e la sua forma metilata dopo il trattamento con tioguanina, ma le loro concentrazioni non erano significativamente diverse tra TIP e no-TIP. Non sono state notate differenze significative nell'espressione dei geni HPRT, NUDT15, ITPA e PACSIN2 tra iPSCs TIP e no-TIP. Le iPSCs no-TIP, però, esprimevano livelli statisticamente più alti di TPMT (p<0,05, t-test); questa differenza non è risultata invece significativa nelle cellule differenziate. Non sono emerse differenze nell'espressione del target delle tiopurine Rac1 tra iPSCs TIP e no-TIP; al contrario, Rac1 era statisticamente più espresso nelle cellule pancreatiche TIP (p<0,05, t-test). Dunque, la diversa espressione di TPMT nelle iPSCs potrebbe essere correlata all'insorgenza di TIP in queste cellule, mentre differenze nell'espressione di Rac1 potrebbero essere correlate alla TIP nelle cellule pancreatiche. Sono tuttavia necessari ulteriori studi per chiarire meglio il meccanismo della TIP. Sono stati inoltre ottimizzati due protocolli per la generazione di organoidi pancreatici esocrini da iPSCs. Le real-time PCR hanno mostrato che gli organoidi esprimevano livelli più elevati delle due isoforme dell'amilasi pancreatica (AMY2A e AMY2B) rispetto alle iPSCs. Questa differenza era statisticamente significativa per gli organoidi ottenuti con il protocollo 2 (p<0,05, ANOVA a una via e Tukey post-hoc test). Entrambi gli organoidi esprimevano livelli più alti di CK19 e SOX9, marcatori duttali, rispetto alle iPSCs, anche se non in modo significativo. Inoltre, entrambi gli organoidi esprimevano l’insulina, tipica della controparte endocrina, e l’albumina, indicante contaminazioni epatiche. Insulina e albumina erano più elevate negli organoidi ottenuti con il protocollo 1. L'immunofluorescenza ha inoltre confermato, in entrambi gli organoidi, la presenza di amilasi nel citoplasma e di citocheratina 19 a livello dei dotti. La colorazione con ematossilina ed eosina ha ulteriormente confermato che gli organoidi mantengono le caratteristiche istologiche del pancreas in vivo. Pertanto, finora il protocollo 2 sembra essere più specifico e riproducibile del protocollo 1. Una volta scelto il protocollo migliore, sarà usato per generare organoidi da pazienti TIP, no-TIP e da controlli sani, per studiare la TIP in modo più accurato.
Cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPSCs) come modello per studiare la tossicità delle tiopurine: personalizzazione della terapia in pazienti pediatrici con malattie infiammatorie intestinali
RISPOLI, PAOLA
2025
Abstract
Thiopurines, used for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), can lead to thiopurine-induced pancreatitis (TIP), a dose-independent reaction that could be more serious in pediatric patients and whose mechanism is unknown. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are useful to study TIP in a personalized way, and the present study aims to elucidate this adverse effect by using iPSC-derived 2D and 3D pancreatic models. Ten pediatric patients with IBD, five developing TIP and five without it, and four healthy controls, were enrolled at the IRCCS Burlo Garofolo (Trieste, Italy). MTT assays on 2D pancreatic models indicated a statistically higher cytotoxicity of thioguanine in iPSCs and pancreatic cells from TIP patients compared to no-TIP (p<0.001, two-way ANOVA). The statistically different concentrations were 2.5x10-7 M (p<0.001, Bonferroni post-hoc test) and 1.6x10-5 M (p<0.05, Bonferroni post-hoc test), respectively for iPSCs and differentiated cells. Moreover, TIP pancreatic cells were statistically more sensitive to mercaptopurine (p<0.001, two-way ANOVA). In addition, patients’ iPSCs only produced thioguanosine monophosphate and its methylated form after thioguanine treatment, but their concentrations were not significantly different between TIP and no-TIP patients. No statistically relevant differences in HPRT, NUDT15, ITPA, and PACSIN2 gene expression were noticed between TIP and no-TIP iPSCs. On the other hand, no-TIP iPSCs expressed statistically higher levels of TPMT (p<0.05, t-test), but this difference was not significant in differentiated cells. No differences emerged in the expression of the thiopurine target Rac1 between TIP and no-TIP iPSCs; conversely, Rac1 was statistically higher in TIP pancreatic cells (p<0.05, t-test). Thus, TPMT different expression in iPSCs could be related to TIP onset in these cells, while differences in Rac1 expression might be related to TIP onset in exocrine pancreatic cells. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to better elucidate TIP mechanism. We optimized two protocols for the generation of exocrine pancreatic organoids from iPSCs. Real-time PCR showed that organoids expressed higher levels of the two isoforms of pancreatic amylase (AMY2A and AMY2B) compared to iPSCs. This difference was statistically significant for the organoids obtained with protocol 2 (p<0.05, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test). Both the organoids expressed higher levels of CK19 and SOX9, ductal markers, compared to iPSCs, despite not significantly. In addition, both the organoids expressed insulin, typical of the endocrine counterpart, and albumin, indicating hepatic contaminations. Insulin and albumin levels were higher in organoids obtained with protocol 1. Immunofluorescence confirmed, in both the organoids, the presence of amylase in the cell cytoplasm, and cytokeratin 19, near the ducts. Hematoxylin and eosin staining further confirmed that the organoids retain the histological features of the pancreas in vivo. Therefore, so far protocol 2 seems to be more specific and reproducible than protocol 1. After choosing the best protocol, it will be used to generate pancreatic organoids from TIP, no-TIP patients, and healthy controls, to study TIP in a more accurate way.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD Thesis Paola Rispoli.pdf
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PhD Thesis Paola Rispoli_1.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/200893
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-200893