The long time span covered by this research (from the 6th to the 13th centuries) includes centuries of important political, social and economic changes for Sicily. The Byzantine and then the Arab-Muslim presence produced a culturally complex population characterised by varying degrees of Islamisation. The majority were Arabic-speaking and Muslim, with Christian minorities (Arabicspeaking and Greek-speaking). From the end of the 11th century, the Norman-Swabian and ChristianLatin components gradually overlapped. This research shows how the study of glass through a multidisciplinary approach can provide a new perspective on the socio-economic and socio-cultural picture previously drawn mainly on the basis of ceramics. The study also provides important new insights into the articulation of the Mediterranean glass economy at the turn of the second millennium CE. For the 6th and 7th centuries, the results of my research reveal that Sicily was reached by Egyptian (Foy.2.1) and Levantine (Apollonia - Levantine I) glass and goblets were the most common objects. In addition, there is a shift from Egypt to the Levant as the main source of glass in this period and, as evidenced by the context of Via Romano (Mazara del Vallo - TP), fresh Apollonia glass continues to arrive in Sicily at least until the end of the 7th/beginning of the 8th century. Recycling seems to occur more frequently in the 8th century, although some imports from Egypt (Egypt 1b) and the Levant (Bet Eli'ezer) are still attested in the Castronovo area (Monte Kassar and Casale San Pietro). The identification of the first traces of a possible Sicilian soda-ash glass between the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century represents an important discovery that also has implications for the Italian peninsula. This glass dominates Sicilian manufacture between the 10th and 11th centuries. Moreover, glass is commonly used for tableware and lighting in the Islamic period, but as in other countries of the dār al-Islām, the main feature of glass assemblages is the large presence of vials for cosmetic and medical purposes. Therefore, Islamisation is detectable in the arrival of new forms, types and technologies, but also in the development of precise customs and habits. Between the second half of the 12th and the 13th century, the types and consumption patterns of glass change. Glass is mainly used for tableware with shapes and types common to peninsular Italy and Mediterranean Europe such as the prunted beakers, for example. In addition, some technological changes occur in the possible Sicilian glass manufacture indicating a more articulated production process and a possible change in the recycling practices. These data, clearly show a socio-cultural transformation. Finally, socio-cultural and socio-economic transformations are also reflected in shifting exchange networks. In fact, my study also made it possible to begin to trace glass imports and identify changes in trade networks that had not been captured by the study of ceramics. Between the 10th and 11th centuries, glass arrived in Sicily mainly from the Levant, but also from the Iberian Peninsula and Egypt. Between the late 12th and the 13th century, however, imports show stronger links with other European areas, as demonstrated by the arrival of cobalt from central Europe and a possible increase in Iberian imports.
Il lungo arco cronologico scelto per questa ricerca (dal VI al XIII secolo) racchiude secoli di importanti cambiamenti politici, sociali ed economici per la Sicilia. La presenza bizantina e poi quella arabo-musulmana diedero vita a una popolazione culturalmente complessa e caratterizzata da diversi gradi di islamizzazione. La maggioranza era arabofona e musulmana, con minoranze cristiane (arabofone e grecofone). A questa, dalla fine dell'XI secolo, si sovrappose la componente normannosveva e cristiano-latina. Questa ricerca mostra come, attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare, lo studio del vetro possa offrire una nuova prospettiva al quadro socioeconomico e socioculturale finora tracciato principalmente sulla base della ceramica. Lo studio fornisce anche nuovi importanti elementi di riflessione sull'articolazione dell'economia vetraria mediterranea all’inizio del secondo millennio CE. Per i secoli VI e VII, i risultati della mia ricerca mostrano che la Sicilia era raggiunta da vetro egiziano (Foy.2.1) e levantino (Apollonia - Levantine I) e che i calici erano gli oggetti più comuni. In questo arco cronologico sembra registrabile anche uno spostamento del principale luogo di approvvigionamento del vetro: dall’Egitto al Levante. Inoltre, come evidenziato dal contesto di Via Romano (Mazara del Vallo - TP), il vetro fresco di Apollonia continua ad arrivare in Sicilia almeno fino alla fine del VII/inizio VIII secolo. Il riciclo sembra avere una maggiore incidenza nell'VIII secolo, tuttavia alcune importazioni dall'Egitto (Egitto 1b) e dal Levante (Bet Eli'ezer) continuano ad essere presenti nell'area di Castronovo (Monte Kassar e Casale San Pietro). L'identificazione delle prime tracce di un possibile vetro siciliano a ceneri sodiche tra la fine del IX e l'inizio del X secolo rappresenta una scoperta importante che ha implicazioni anche per l’Italia peninsulare. Questo vetro domina la manifattura siciliana tra il X e l'XI secolo. Inoltre, durante il periodo islamico, il vetro è comunemente utilizzato per la mensa e l'illuminazione ma, come in altri paesi del dār al-Islām, la caratteristica principale del corredo vitreo è la grande presenza di fiale e balsamari per uso cosmetico e medico. L'islamizzazione, dunque, è rilevabile nell'arrivo di nuove forme, tipologie e tecnologie, ma anche nello sviluppo di precisi usi e costumi. Tra la seconda metà del XII e il XIII secolo, si registrano cambiamenti dal punto di vista tipologico ma anche negli usi e nel consumo del vetro. Il vetro, ora, viene utilizzato soprattutto per la mensa con forme e tipologie comuni all'Italia peninsulare e all'Europa mediterranea come, ad esempio, i bicchieri a bugne. Inoltre, si registrano alcuni cambiamenti tecnologici nella fabbricazione del possibile vetro siciliano. Questi indicano un processo di produzione più articolato e un possibile cambiamento nelle pratiche di riciclo. Questi dati, quindi, mostrano chiaramente una trasformazione socioculturale. Infine, mutamenti socioculturali e socioeconomici possono essere rilevati anche dall’osservazione delle reti di scambio. Infatti, questo studio ha anche permesso di iniziare a tracciare le importazioni di vetro e di rilevare dei cambiamenti nelle reti commerciali che non erano stati colti dalla ceramica. Tra il X e l'XI secolo, il vetro arriva in Sicilia principalmente dal Levante, ma anche dalla penisola iberica e dall'Egitto. Tra la fine del XII e il XIII secolo, tuttavia, le importazioni mostrano legami più forti con altre aree europee, come dimostra l'arrivo del cobalto dall'Europa centrale e un possibile aumento delle importazioni iberiche.
Il riflesso dei vetri: oltre la ceramica per la comprensione dei mutamenti culturali ed economici: il caso della Sicilia nei secoli 6.-13.
COLANGELI, FRANCESCA
2021
Abstract
The long time span covered by this research (from the 6th to the 13th centuries) includes centuries of important political, social and economic changes for Sicily. The Byzantine and then the Arab-Muslim presence produced a culturally complex population characterised by varying degrees of Islamisation. The majority were Arabic-speaking and Muslim, with Christian minorities (Arabicspeaking and Greek-speaking). From the end of the 11th century, the Norman-Swabian and ChristianLatin components gradually overlapped. This research shows how the study of glass through a multidisciplinary approach can provide a new perspective on the socio-economic and socio-cultural picture previously drawn mainly on the basis of ceramics. The study also provides important new insights into the articulation of the Mediterranean glass economy at the turn of the second millennium CE. For the 6th and 7th centuries, the results of my research reveal that Sicily was reached by Egyptian (Foy.2.1) and Levantine (Apollonia - Levantine I) glass and goblets were the most common objects. In addition, there is a shift from Egypt to the Levant as the main source of glass in this period and, as evidenced by the context of Via Romano (Mazara del Vallo - TP), fresh Apollonia glass continues to arrive in Sicily at least until the end of the 7th/beginning of the 8th century. Recycling seems to occur more frequently in the 8th century, although some imports from Egypt (Egypt 1b) and the Levant (Bet Eli'ezer) are still attested in the Castronovo area (Monte Kassar and Casale San Pietro). The identification of the first traces of a possible Sicilian soda-ash glass between the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century represents an important discovery that also has implications for the Italian peninsula. This glass dominates Sicilian manufacture between the 10th and 11th centuries. Moreover, glass is commonly used for tableware and lighting in the Islamic period, but as in other countries of the dār al-Islām, the main feature of glass assemblages is the large presence of vials for cosmetic and medical purposes. Therefore, Islamisation is detectable in the arrival of new forms, types and technologies, but also in the development of precise customs and habits. Between the second half of the 12th and the 13th century, the types and consumption patterns of glass change. Glass is mainly used for tableware with shapes and types common to peninsular Italy and Mediterranean Europe such as the prunted beakers, for example. In addition, some technological changes occur in the possible Sicilian glass manufacture indicating a more articulated production process and a possible change in the recycling practices. These data, clearly show a socio-cultural transformation. Finally, socio-cultural and socio-economic transformations are also reflected in shifting exchange networks. In fact, my study also made it possible to begin to trace glass imports and identify changes in trade networks that had not been captured by the study of ceramics. Between the 10th and 11th centuries, glass arrived in Sicily mainly from the Levant, but also from the Iberian Peninsula and Egypt. Between the late 12th and the 13th century, however, imports show stronger links with other European areas, as demonstrated by the arrival of cobalt from central Europe and a possible increase in Iberian imports.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/201088
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-201088