This research proposes reconstructing the legal provisions protecting workers in the face of organisational models based on so-called ‘vertical disintegration’ and, in particular, those implemented through the use of tender contracts. The latter is, in fact, the contractual instrument of most significant use in the immense range of organisational schemes of productive fragmentation and outsourcing, which are also widely used in the public sector.Faced with this growing use of the contract of tender in the performance of business activities as well as in the management of public services, the present work aims to reconstruct the complex framework of the protection mechanisms provided by Italian law for workers employed in public and private contracts, to reconstruct their evolutionary lines and to verify their effectiveness also with reference to the specificity of the public or private sector whose discipline is dealt with from time to time.To this end, the analysis consists of five chapters.In the first chapter, the discipline's evolutionary lines are reconstructed: from Law No. 1369 of 1960 to the first interventions marked by flexibility and, in the public sector, inspired by the so-called new public management, up to the most recent European interventions of a more openly social nature and those implemented by the Italian legal system in implementing the PNRR.The second chapter deals with the protection of workers in the face of interposing phenomena (so-called ‘non-genuine contracts’), starting from Law 1369 cited above up to the most recent jurisprudential approaches in the face of ‘technologically integrated’ contracts. The third chapter examines the evolution of the joint and several liability of principal and contractor for wage and contribution obligations, which has become the central pivot of protection techniques in the private sector following legislative decree No. 276 of 2003.The fourth chapter deals with protecting workers from wage dumping, i.e., the rules attributable to so-called ‘equal treatment’ and so-called ‘fair treatment’ social clauses, as well as their interaction with European law. Finally, the fifth chapter deals with the social clauses protecting employment stability at promotion and, with regard to the public sector, with the most recent clauses aimed at fostering equal opportunities and the employment inclusion of disadvantaged persons.The research shows a system of protections that is the result of a highly complex and fragmented regulatory framework, the result of a constant succession of regulatory interventions, marked by logics and purposes that do not always coincide. In fact, there is a reversal in the trend of the most recent reforms. Compared to the regulatory interventions of the 1990s and 2000s, the interventions following the NRP (but already starting with directive 2014/24 in the public sector) in fact show greater caution and attention to the protection of contract workers, at least partly distancing themselves from the narrative of contracting as a genuine organisational form of the enterprise.
Il presente lavoro di ricerca propone una ricostruzione delle disposizioni normative di tutela dei lavoratori a fronte dei modelli organizzativi basati sulla cosiddetta “disintegrazione verticale” e, in particolare, di quelli realizzati attraverso l’impiego dei contratti di appalto. Quest’ultimo è infatti lo strumento contrattuale di maggiore impiego nell’immenso ventaglio di schemi organizzativi di frammentazione produttiva e di esternalizzazione, di ampio utilizzo anche nel settore pubblico.A fronte di tale crescente uso del contratto di appalto nello svolgimento dell’attività di impresa così come nella gestione dei servizi pubblici, il presente lavoro ha l’obiettivo di ricostruire il complesso quadro dei meccanismi di tutela previsti dalla normativa italiana per i lavoratori impiegati in appalti pubblici e privati, di ricostruirne le linee evolutive e di verificarne l’efficacia anche in riferimento alla specificità del settore pubblico o privato di cui di volta in volta si occupa la disciplina.A tal fine, l’analisi si compone di 5 capitoli.Nel primo capitolo, vengono ricostruite le linee evolutive della disciplina: dalla legge n. 1369 del 1960 ai primi interventi improntati alla flessibilità e, nel settore pubblico, ispirati dal cosiddetto new public management, fino ai più recenti interventi europei di stampo più apertamente sociale e a quelli realizzati dall’ordinamento italiano in attuazione del PNRR.Il secondo capitolo tratta della tutela dei lavoratori a fronte dei fenomeni interpositori (cd. “appalti non genuini”), partendo dalla legge 1369 cit. fino ai più recenti approdi giurisprudenziali a fronte degli appalti “tecnologicamente integrati”. Il terzo capitolo pone al vaglio le evoluzioni della responsabilità solidale di committente ed appaltatore per le obbligazioni retributive e contributive, divenuta perno centrale delle tecniche di tutela nel settore privato a seguito del d.lgs. n. 276 del 2003.Il quarto capitolo si occupa della tutela dei lavoratori dal dumping salariale, e cioè delle regole riconducibili alla cosiddetta “parità di trattamento” e delle clausole sociali cosiddette di “equo trattamento”, anche nella loro interazione con l’ordinamento europeo. Infine, il quinto capitolo tratta delle clausole sociali di tutela della stabilità occupazionale alla promozione e, con riguardo al settore pubblico, delle più recenti clausole volte a favorire le pari opportunità e l’inclusione lavorativa delle persone svantaggiate.La ricerca mostra un sistema di tutele frutto di un quadro normativo estremamente complesso e frammentato, frutto di un costante susseguirsi di interventi normativi, improntati a logiche e finalità non sempre coincidenti. Può infatti riscontrarsi una inversione di tendenza delle riforme più recenti. Rispetto agli interventi normativi degli anni ’90 e 2000, gli interventi che si sono susseguiti a seguito del PNRR (ma già a partire dalla direttiva 2014/24 nel settore pubblico) mostrano infatti una maggior cautela e attenzione per la protezione dei lavoratori impiegati in appalto, prendendo almeno in parte le distanze dalla narrazione dell’appalto come una genuina forma organizzativa dell’impresa.
Lavoro e tutele negli appalti pubblici e privati
COSTA, Rita Daila
2025
Abstract
This research proposes reconstructing the legal provisions protecting workers in the face of organisational models based on so-called ‘vertical disintegration’ and, in particular, those implemented through the use of tender contracts. The latter is, in fact, the contractual instrument of most significant use in the immense range of organisational schemes of productive fragmentation and outsourcing, which are also widely used in the public sector.Faced with this growing use of the contract of tender in the performance of business activities as well as in the management of public services, the present work aims to reconstruct the complex framework of the protection mechanisms provided by Italian law for workers employed in public and private contracts, to reconstruct their evolutionary lines and to verify their effectiveness also with reference to the specificity of the public or private sector whose discipline is dealt with from time to time.To this end, the analysis consists of five chapters.In the first chapter, the discipline's evolutionary lines are reconstructed: from Law No. 1369 of 1960 to the first interventions marked by flexibility and, in the public sector, inspired by the so-called new public management, up to the most recent European interventions of a more openly social nature and those implemented by the Italian legal system in implementing the PNRR.The second chapter deals with the protection of workers in the face of interposing phenomena (so-called ‘non-genuine contracts’), starting from Law 1369 cited above up to the most recent jurisprudential approaches in the face of ‘technologically integrated’ contracts. The third chapter examines the evolution of the joint and several liability of principal and contractor for wage and contribution obligations, which has become the central pivot of protection techniques in the private sector following legislative decree No. 276 of 2003.The fourth chapter deals with protecting workers from wage dumping, i.e., the rules attributable to so-called ‘equal treatment’ and so-called ‘fair treatment’ social clauses, as well as their interaction with European law. Finally, the fifth chapter deals with the social clauses protecting employment stability at promotion and, with regard to the public sector, with the most recent clauses aimed at fostering equal opportunities and the employment inclusion of disadvantaged persons.The research shows a system of protections that is the result of a highly complex and fragmented regulatory framework, the result of a constant succession of regulatory interventions, marked by logics and purposes that do not always coincide. In fact, there is a reversal in the trend of the most recent reforms. Compared to the regulatory interventions of the 1990s and 2000s, the interventions following the NRP (but already starting with directive 2014/24 in the public sector) in fact show greater caution and attention to the protection of contract workers, at least partly distancing themselves from the narrative of contracting as a genuine organisational form of the enterprise.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025 I Rita Daila Costa I Lavoro e tutele negli appalti pubblici e privati.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/201501
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPA-201501