The thesis focuses on the study and optimization of the enzymatic synthesis of cefazolin, a widely used cephalosporin antibiotic in clinical practice. The aim is to develop an alternative process to the traditional chemical method, characterized by the use of toxic solvents and chlorinated reagents, by proposing a sustainable and industrially scalable synthesis. The reaction, under kinetic control, between 7-ZACA and TZA-Me, catalyzed by the PGA enzyme, offers significant advantages, including waste reduction, operational simplification, and lower environmental impact. Analysis of the reaction by Design of Experiment enabled the identification and optimization of critical parameters such as the amount of the enzyme, acyl donor equivalents, and solvent system. The results demonstrated yields (84%) and quality (97.7%) comparable to the chemical method. The synthesis was successfully scaled up to an industrial level, confirming the feasibility of the process. Finally, it was transferred to a continuous flow chemistry system, further consolidating its potential as a sustainable alternative.
Il lavoro di tesi si concentra sullo studio e ottimizzazione della sintesi enzimatica della cefazolina, un antibiotico cefalosporinico ampiamente utilizzato in ambito clinico. L’obiettivo è proporre un processo alternativo al metodo chimico tradizionale, caratterizzato dall’uso di solventi tossici e reagenti clorurati, sviluppando una sintesi sostenibile e scalabile a livello industriale. La reazione, sotto controllo cinetico, tra 7-ZACA e TZA-Me, catalizzata dall’enzima PGA, offre significativi vantaggi, tra cui la riduzione degli scarti, la semplificazione operativa e un minore impatto ambientale. L’analisi della reazione mediante Design of Experiment ha permesso di individuare e ottimizzare parametri critici, quali la quantità di enzima, gli equivalenti di acil donor e il sistema solvente. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato rese (84%) e qualità (97.7%) comparabili al metodo chimico. La sintesi è stata scalata con successo a livello industriale, confermando la fattibilità del processo. Infine, è stata trasferita a un sistema di chimica in flusso continuo consolidando il suo potenziale come alternativa sostenibile.
Biocatalytic green transition of industrial processes to produce cephalosporin and carbapenem antibiotics
MILANI, FRANCESCA
2025
Abstract
The thesis focuses on the study and optimization of the enzymatic synthesis of cefazolin, a widely used cephalosporin antibiotic in clinical practice. The aim is to develop an alternative process to the traditional chemical method, characterized by the use of toxic solvents and chlorinated reagents, by proposing a sustainable and industrially scalable synthesis. The reaction, under kinetic control, between 7-ZACA and TZA-Me, catalyzed by the PGA enzyme, offers significant advantages, including waste reduction, operational simplification, and lower environmental impact. Analysis of the reaction by Design of Experiment enabled the identification and optimization of critical parameters such as the amount of the enzyme, acyl donor equivalents, and solvent system. The results demonstrated yields (84%) and quality (97.7%) comparable to the chemical method. The synthesis was successfully scaled up to an industrial level, confirming the feasibility of the process. Finally, it was transferred to a continuous flow chemistry system, further consolidating its potential as a sustainable alternative.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD thesis-Milani-pdf_A.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/202101
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPV-202101