Food loss and waste are a critical issue worldwide, for both the economy and the environment, primarily due to the cost and the pollution related to their disposal. To highlight the scale of the problem, each citizen in EU countries generates an average of 482 kg of waste per year. Globally, the most prevalent types of waste are plastic and food, which contribute respectively for 12% and 44% of the worldwide Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). This PhD project can be framed in the context of the circular economy, specifically focusing on effort to develop approaches aligned with the 3R concept (reduction, reuse, and recycle) in the food and packaging sectors. In the food sector, only reduction and recyclability are feasible, due to the consumable nature of the products. In contrast, the packaging sector allows for reusability through material engineering, enabling the creation of products designed for multiple uses. An outline of the three different approaches used in this work is provided below. In the first case we tried to develop a green coating for fruits in compliance with current regulations on food additives (Reg CE 1129-2011) and food contact materials (UE N°10/2011). We applied the coating to climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, respectively tomatoes and oranges, using a mixture of polymers based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/guar gum, biopolymers that are both considered Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) for human consumption. Additionally, we incorporated a fungicidal compound effective against fungal strains from the genus Alternaria spp. and Penicillium spp., to extend the shelf life of the fruits by preventing contamination during storage. The storage tests showed that the coating successfully reduced mold contamination and extended the shelf life of the fruits compared to uncoated samples. However, the presence of potassium sorbate resulted in a significant increase in weight loss during the storage period. In a second project we recycled the cellulose from leftover orange peel after juice processing, for its conversion into cellulose nanocrystals to be used in bionanocomposite films for packaging materi- als. The orange CNCs were characterized and added as reinforcing agents into chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films enriched with lauroyl arginate ethyl. The inclusion of CNCs increased the films tensile strength, light barrier, and water vapor barrier properties while reducing their water solubility. The addition of LAE improved the films flexibility and gave them biocidal efficacy against the main bacterial pathogens that cause foodborne illness, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. In the final project, we extracted antimicrobial proteins from fish by-products for incorporation into biodegradable packaging. Specifically, we focused on lysozyme, which was targeted through a molecular-proteomic approach. Protein extractions were performed at various pH levels from different tissues (skin and scales, liver, and intestine) of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), to ensure the com- prehensive recovery of all the proteins from the chosen tissues. The extracted proteins were separated using mild ion-exchange chromatography, followed by quantification, qualitative SDS-PAGE analysis, and enzymatic activity assessment using Micrococcus luteus. The expression of lysozyme type-g and -c was quantified through Real-Time qPCR. The antimicrobial activity of the extracted proteins was tested against gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes) and a gram-negative (Escherichia coli ) bacteria using the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test. The proteins were then incorporated into film-forming solutions based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/chitosan and hydroxypropyl methyl- cellulose/guar gum mixtures. These films were further tested against the same human pathogens. The results of this project remain unpublished.
La perdita e lo spreco di prodotti alimentari rappresentano un problema critico a livello mondiale, sia per l'economia che per l'ambiente, principalmente a causa del costo e dell’inquinamento legati al loro smaltimento. Per evidenziare la scala del problema, ogni cittadino dei paesi del l'UE genera in media 482 kg di rifiuti all'anno. In tutto il mondo, i tipi di rifiuti più diffusi sono la plastica e gli alimenti, che contribuiscono rispettivamente per il 12% e il 44% dei rifiuti solidi urbani mondiali. Questo progetto di dottorato può essere inserito nel contesto dell'economia circolare, concentrandosi in particolare su sforzi per sviluppare approcci allineati con il concetto delle 3R (riduzione, riutilizzo e riciclaggio) negli alimenti e i settori del l'imballaggio. Solo la riduzione e la riciclabilità sono attuabili nel settore alimentare a causa del la natura edibile dei prodotti. Al contrario, il settore del l'imballaggio consente la riutilizzabilità attraverso l’ingegneria dei materiali, che consente la creazione di prodotti destinati a molteplici riutilizzi. Una panoramica dei tre diversi approcci utilizzati in questo lavoro sono forniti di seguito. Nel primo progetto abbiamo cercato di sviluppare un rivestimento green per frutta in conformità con le normative vigenti sugli additivi alimentari e sui materiali a contatto con gli alimenti. Abbiamo applicato il rivestimento a frutti climaterici e non climaterici, rispettivamente pomodori e arance, utilizzando una miscela di polimeri a base di idrossipropil metilcellulosa/gomma di guar, biopolimeri considerati generalmente riconosciuti come sicuri per il consumo umano. Inoltre, abbiamo incorporato un composto fungicida efficace contro i ceppi fungini del genere Alternaria spp. e Penicillium spp. per prolungare la durata di conservazione dei frutti prevenendo la contaminazione durante lo stoccaggio. Le prove di stoccaggio hanno dimostrato che il rivestimento ha ridotto con successo la contaminazione e prolungato la durata di conservazione de i frutti rispetto ai campioni non rivestiti. Tuttavia, la presenza di sorbato di potassio ha portato a un aumento significativo della perdita di peso durante il periodo di conservazione. In un secondo progetto abbiamo riciclato la cellulosa dalla buccia d'arancia residua dopo la spremitura, per la sua conversione in nanocristalli di cellulosa da utilizzare nei film bionanocompositi per il confezionamento di materiali. La nanocellulosa da arancia è stata caratterizzata e aggiunta come agente rinforzante in un film di chitosano/idrossipropil metilcellulosa arricchito con lauroil arginato etile. L'inclusione di CNCs ha aumentato la resistenza alla trazione, barriera alla luce e proprietà della barriera al vapore acqueo dei film, riducendo la loro solubilità in acqua. L'aggiunta di LAE ha migliorato la flessibilità dei film e dato loro efficacia biocida contro i principali agenti patogeni batterici che causano malattie di origine alimentare, quali E. coli, P. fluorescens, L. monocytogenes e S. enterica. Nel progetto finale, abbiamo estratto proteine antimicrobiche da sottoprodotti del pesce per l'incorporazione in imballaggi biodegradabili. In particolare, ci siamo concentrati sul lisozima, selezionato attraverso un approccio molecolare-proteomico. Le estrazioni della proteina sono state effettuate ai vari gradi pH da differenti tessuti di Gilthead seabream. Le proteine estratte sono state separate utilizzando una cromatografia a scambio ionico, seguita da quantificazione, analisi SDS-PAGE qualitativa e attività enzimatica. L'espressione di lisozima di tipo-g e -c è stato quantificato attraverso Real-Time qPCR. L'attività antimicrobica delle proteine estratte è stata testata nei confronti di batteri Gram positivi e negativi.
Applicazione dell'economia circolare nel settore agroalimentare: diversi approcci per ridurre o rivalorizzare gli sprechi alimentari
MAURIZZI, ENRICO
2025
Abstract
Food loss and waste are a critical issue worldwide, for both the economy and the environment, primarily due to the cost and the pollution related to their disposal. To highlight the scale of the problem, each citizen in EU countries generates an average of 482 kg of waste per year. Globally, the most prevalent types of waste are plastic and food, which contribute respectively for 12% and 44% of the worldwide Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). This PhD project can be framed in the context of the circular economy, specifically focusing on effort to develop approaches aligned with the 3R concept (reduction, reuse, and recycle) in the food and packaging sectors. In the food sector, only reduction and recyclability are feasible, due to the consumable nature of the products. In contrast, the packaging sector allows for reusability through material engineering, enabling the creation of products designed for multiple uses. An outline of the three different approaches used in this work is provided below. In the first case we tried to develop a green coating for fruits in compliance with current regulations on food additives (Reg CE 1129-2011) and food contact materials (UE N°10/2011). We applied the coating to climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, respectively tomatoes and oranges, using a mixture of polymers based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/guar gum, biopolymers that are both considered Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) for human consumption. Additionally, we incorporated a fungicidal compound effective against fungal strains from the genus Alternaria spp. and Penicillium spp., to extend the shelf life of the fruits by preventing contamination during storage. The storage tests showed that the coating successfully reduced mold contamination and extended the shelf life of the fruits compared to uncoated samples. However, the presence of potassium sorbate resulted in a significant increase in weight loss during the storage period. In a second project we recycled the cellulose from leftover orange peel after juice processing, for its conversion into cellulose nanocrystals to be used in bionanocomposite films for packaging materi- als. The orange CNCs were characterized and added as reinforcing agents into chitosan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films enriched with lauroyl arginate ethyl. The inclusion of CNCs increased the films tensile strength, light barrier, and water vapor barrier properties while reducing their water solubility. The addition of LAE improved the films flexibility and gave them biocidal efficacy against the main bacterial pathogens that cause foodborne illness, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. In the final project, we extracted antimicrobial proteins from fish by-products for incorporation into biodegradable packaging. Specifically, we focused on lysozyme, which was targeted through a molecular-proteomic approach. Protein extractions were performed at various pH levels from different tissues (skin and scales, liver, and intestine) of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), to ensure the com- prehensive recovery of all the proteins from the chosen tissues. The extracted proteins were separated using mild ion-exchange chromatography, followed by quantification, qualitative SDS-PAGE analysis, and enzymatic activity assessment using Micrococcus luteus. The expression of lysozyme type-g and -c was quantified through Real-Time qPCR. The antimicrobial activity of the extracted proteins was tested against gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes) and a gram-negative (Escherichia coli ) bacteria using the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test. The proteins were then incorporated into film-forming solutions based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/chitosan and hydroxypropyl methyl- cellulose/guar gum mixtures. These films were further tested against the same human pathogens. The results of this project remain unpublished.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Tesi PhD_Enrico Maurizzi.pdf
embargo fino al 13/04/2028
Dimensione
4.31 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.31 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/202151
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-202151