Extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid-bound particles (50–150 nm in diameter), serve as natural delivery systems. Our previous data indicated a heterologous and cross-species tumour tropism for cancer-derived EVs such as colorectal cancer patient-derived EVs (PDEVs) and cancer cell-derived EVs compared to healthy donor EVs and non-transformed cell-derived EVs. For the first part of my PhD project, we evaluated some hypotheses to uncover the tumour tropism mechanism. These hypotheses centered around the half-life of EVs in circulation, EV interaction with cancer cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) and EV cargo release into the recipient cells. We first showed the eliminated tumour tropism feature upon filtering EVs. We also showed that trypsin treatment reduces EV-uptake rate by the cells. These experiments intensified the importance of EV corona since both trypsinization and filtration could affect the EV corona. Then we compared the EV uptake rate by cancer cells, transformed macrophages (RAW246.7) and primary macrophages (BDMSCs). Although, the results did not show superior uptake of cancer-derived EVs by cancer cells and RAW264.7, we observed unique interactions with BDMSCs, including large aggregate formation and phagocytosis deficits. This might lead to a higher half-life of cancer-derived EVs in circulation leading to their tumour site accumulation. We also showed a significant higher affinity of colorectal cancer-derived EVs to laminin as one of the major ECM components. Our mass spectrometry analysis (Proteomics) revealed differential protein expression for colorectal cancer patient-derived EVs (PDEVs) vs healthy donor EVs. Among these proteins, aminopeptidase N (CD13) showed a higher expression in cancer-derived EVs, confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Since CD13 is a potential protein involved in higher binding affinity of cancer-derived EVs to ECM component such as laminin and fibronectin through binding to NGR motif (Aspargine-Glycine-Arginine), we introduced CD13 as a potential candidate for the tumour tropism of cancer-derived EVs. For the second part of my PhD thesis, we harnessed the tumour tropism of glioblastoma (GBM)-derived EVs for targeted delivery of EGFRvIII siRNA, addressing this oncogenic driver in GBM. Among different approaches for loading siRNA into EVs such as endogenous loading, passive loading, membrane permeabilization, sonication, electroporation and transfection methods; transfection with a cell-penetrating peptide showed effective knock-down of EGFRvIII expression in the U373vIII cells. In conclusion, while EGFRvIII-targeting siRNA-loaded EVs demonstrated functional activity in vitro and partial efficacy in vivo, overcoming barriers such as correct dosing of siRNA loaded EVs, tumour microenvironment resistance, heterogeneous signaling pathways, and delivery inefficiencies will be critical for future therapeutic success. Combination approaches incorporating the EGFRvIII targeting with existing treatments like temozolomide (TMZ) or radiation could enhance overall survival outcomes. Further studies are necessary to refine EV-based delivery strategies and optimize therapeutic potential.
Vescicole extracellulari (EVs), particelle lipidiche (50-150 nm di diametro), agiscono come sistemi di trasporto naturali. I nostri dati precedenti hanno indicato un tropismo tumorale eterologo e interspecie per le EVs derivate da tumori, come le EVs derivate da pazienti con cancro del colon-retto (PDEVs) e le EVs derivate da cellule tumorali, rispetto alle EVs di donatori sani e alle EVs derivate da cellule non trasformate. Nella prima parte del mio progetto di dottorato, abbiamo valutato alcune ipotesi per chiarire il meccanismo del tropismo tumorale. Queste ipotesi si concentravano sulla durata di vita delle EVs in circolazione, sull'interazione delle EVs con le cellule tumorali e la matrice extracellulare (ECM) e sul rilascio del carico delle EVs nelle cellule riceventi. Abbiamo inizialmente dimostrato la perdita del tropismo tumorale dopo la filtrazione delle EVs. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato che il trattamento con tripsina riduce il tasso di uptake delle EVs da parte delle cellule. Questi esperimenti hanno evidenziato l'importanza della corona delle EVs, poiché sia la tripsinizzazione che la filtrazione possono influenzarla. Successivamente, abbiamo confrontato il tasso di uptake delle EVs da parte di cellule tumorali, macrofagi trasformati (RAW246.7) e macrofagi primari (BDMSCs). Sebbene i risultati non abbiano mostrato un uptake superiore delle EVs derivate da tumori da parte delle cellule tumorali e dei macrofagi RAW264.7, abbiamo osservato interazioni uniche con i BDMSCs, tra cui la formazione di grandi aggregati e deficit di fagocitosi. Questo potrebbe comportare una maggiore durata di vita delle EVs derivate da tumori in circolazione, portando al loro accumulo nel sito tumorale. Abbiamo inoltre dimostrato una maggiore affinità delle EVs derivate dal cancro del colon-retto per la laminina, uno dei principali componenti dell’ECM. La nostra analisi mediante spettrometria di massa (proteomica) ha rivelato una differente espressione proteica tra le EVs derivate da pazienti con cancro del colon-retto (PDEVs) e quelle dei donatori sani. Tra queste proteine, l'aminopeptidasi N (CD13) ha mostrato una maggiore espressione nelle EVs derivate da tumori, confermata mediante immunoblotting. Poiché il CD13 è una proteina potenzialmente coinvolta nell’elevata affinità di legame delle EVs tumorali ai componenti dell’ECM, come laminina e fibronectina, attraverso il legame con il motivo NGR (Asparagina-Glicina-Arginina), abbiamo identificato il CD13 come un potenziale candidato per il tropismo tumorale delle EVs derivate da tumori. Nella seconda parte della mia tesi di dottorato, abbiamo sfruttato il tropismo tumorale delle EVs derivate dal glioblastoma (GBM) per il trasporto mirato di siRNA contro EGFRvIII, un driver oncogenico nel GBM. Tra i diversi approcci per il caricamento del siRNA nelle EVs, come il caricamento endogeno, il caricamento passivo, la permeabilizzazione della membrana, la sonicazione, l'elettroporazione e i metodi di trasfezione, la trasfezione con un peptide penetrante nelle cellule ha mostrato un efficace silenziamento dell’espressione di EGFRvIII nelle cellule U373vIII. In conclusione, mentre le EVs caricate con siRNA mirato a EGFRvIII hanno dimostrato un'attività funzionale in vitro e un'efficacia parziale in vivo, il superamento di ostacoli come il dosaggio corretto delle EVs caricate con siRNA, la resistenza del microambiente tumorale, la segnalazione eterogenea e le inefficienze nella consegna sarà cruciale per il successo terapeutico futuro. Approcci combinati che integrano il targeting di EGFRvIII con trattamenti esistenti come la temozolomide (TMZ) o la radioterapia potrebbero migliorare i risultati di sopravvivenza complessiva. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per perfezionare le strategie di trasporto basate sulle EVs e ottimizzare il loro potenziale terapeutico.
CANCER-DERIVED EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES FOR TARGETED DELIVERY OF EGFRVIII SIRNA TO NEOPLASTIC TISSUE, EVALUATION OF THE HOMING MECHANISM AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS IN GLIOBLASTOMA.
SHOJAEIGHAHRIZJANI, FERESHTEH
2025
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid-bound particles (50–150 nm in diameter), serve as natural delivery systems. Our previous data indicated a heterologous and cross-species tumour tropism for cancer-derived EVs such as colorectal cancer patient-derived EVs (PDEVs) and cancer cell-derived EVs compared to healthy donor EVs and non-transformed cell-derived EVs. For the first part of my PhD project, we evaluated some hypotheses to uncover the tumour tropism mechanism. These hypotheses centered around the half-life of EVs in circulation, EV interaction with cancer cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) and EV cargo release into the recipient cells. We first showed the eliminated tumour tropism feature upon filtering EVs. We also showed that trypsin treatment reduces EV-uptake rate by the cells. These experiments intensified the importance of EV corona since both trypsinization and filtration could affect the EV corona. Then we compared the EV uptake rate by cancer cells, transformed macrophages (RAW246.7) and primary macrophages (BDMSCs). Although, the results did not show superior uptake of cancer-derived EVs by cancer cells and RAW264.7, we observed unique interactions with BDMSCs, including large aggregate formation and phagocytosis deficits. This might lead to a higher half-life of cancer-derived EVs in circulation leading to their tumour site accumulation. We also showed a significant higher affinity of colorectal cancer-derived EVs to laminin as one of the major ECM components. Our mass spectrometry analysis (Proteomics) revealed differential protein expression for colorectal cancer patient-derived EVs (PDEVs) vs healthy donor EVs. Among these proteins, aminopeptidase N (CD13) showed a higher expression in cancer-derived EVs, confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Since CD13 is a potential protein involved in higher binding affinity of cancer-derived EVs to ECM component such as laminin and fibronectin through binding to NGR motif (Aspargine-Glycine-Arginine), we introduced CD13 as a potential candidate for the tumour tropism of cancer-derived EVs. For the second part of my PhD thesis, we harnessed the tumour tropism of glioblastoma (GBM)-derived EVs for targeted delivery of EGFRvIII siRNA, addressing this oncogenic driver in GBM. Among different approaches for loading siRNA into EVs such as endogenous loading, passive loading, membrane permeabilization, sonication, electroporation and transfection methods; transfection with a cell-penetrating peptide showed effective knock-down of EGFRvIII expression in the U373vIII cells. In conclusion, while EGFRvIII-targeting siRNA-loaded EVs demonstrated functional activity in vitro and partial efficacy in vivo, overcoming barriers such as correct dosing of siRNA loaded EVs, tumour microenvironment resistance, heterogeneous signaling pathways, and delivery inefficiencies will be critical for future therapeutic success. Combination approaches incorporating the EGFRvIII targeting with existing treatments like temozolomide (TMZ) or radiation could enhance overall survival outcomes. Further studies are necessary to refine EV-based delivery strategies and optimize therapeutic potential.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
phd_unimi_R13264.pdf
embargo fino al 23/09/2026
Dimensione
8.92 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
8.92 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/202158
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-202158