Sulfavant A (SA), a novel synthetic sulfolipid adjuvant derived from marine algae, represents a transformative approach in immunomodulation and adjuvant technology. This study reports an exploitation of Sulfavant A’s immunomodulatory properties, with a particular focus on its effects on natural killer (NK) cells. By exploring concentration- and context-dependent modulation of immune cell receptor expression, activation, and functionality, the research elucidates Sulfavant A’s potential as a promising agent for cancer immunotherapy, vaccine development, and immune regulation. It has been shown that Sulfavant A induced maturation of dendritic cells, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, marked by upregulation of CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR, thus enhancing antigen presentation and T cell activation and facilitating DC migration to lymphoid tissues (ref). Sulfavant A also stimulate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and adaptive immune responses indicating its capacity to bridge innate and adaptive immunity (1). In several experiments, published recently, T cell responses exhibited a peculiar regulation upon SA stimulation, with low concentrations promoting proliferation and higher concentrations suppressing activation (2), indicating a dose-dependent modulation of adaptive immunity. This context-dependent modulation may be critical to identify new adjuvants, as it provides flexibility in tailoring immune responses according to therapeutic needs, aiming to avoid proinflammatory effects induced by conventional adjuvant. The following properties indicate that SA can be a candidate to be used as adjuvant. Mechanistic insights into NK-DC crosstalk revealed that Sulfavant A facilitated receptor-ligand interactions, including NKG2D-MICA/B promoting NK cell activation and DC maturation. This bidirectional activation of NK cells and DCs enhances the immunological synapse, amplifying immune responses crucial for pathogen clearance and tumor surveillance. Notably, interactions between NKG2A and HLA-E play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis, preventing excessive inflammatory responses—another essential feature for adjuvants to balance immune activation and regulation. Sulfavant A exhibits several key features of a promising adjuvant due to its ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses, modulate immune receptor expression in a context- and dose-dependent manner, and fine-tune the balance between immune activation and regulation. Its capacity to promote dendritic cell maturation, NK cell activity, and T cell responses, without inducing excessive immune toxicity, highlights its potential as a next-generation adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and vaccine development.
Sulfavant A (SA), un nuovo adiuvante sulfolipidico sintetico derivato da alghe marine, rappresenta un approccio trasformativo nell’immunomodulazione e nella tecnologia degli adiuvanti. Questo studio esplora le proprietà immunomodulatorie di Sulfavant A, con particolare attenzione ai suoi effetti sulle cellule natural killer (NK). Esaminando la modulazione della risposta immunitaria in funzione della concentrazione e del contesto, attraverso l’espressione dei recettori, l'attivazione e la funzionalità delle cellule, la ricerca chiarisce il potenziale di Sulfavant A come agente promettente per l'immunoterapia contro il cancro, lo sviluppo di vaccini e la regolazione immunitaria. È stato dimostrato che Sulfavant A induce la maturazione delle cellule dendritiche in modo dose- e tempo-dipendente, evidenziata dalla sovraregolazione di CD80, CD86 e HLA-DR, migliorando così la presentazione dell'antigene, l'attivazione delle cellule T e facilitando la migrazione delle cellule dendritiche nei tessuti linfoidi (ref). Sulfavant A stimola inoltre le cellule presentanti l'antigene (APC) e le risposte immunitarie adattive, indicando la sua capacità di collegare l’immunità innata e adattativa (1). In diversi esperimenti, pubblicati di recente, le risposte delle cellule T hanno mostrato una regolazione peculiare dopo la stimolazione con SA, con basse concentrazioni che promuovono la proliferazione e concentrazioni più elevate che sopprimono l'attivazione (2), indicando una modulazione dose-dipendente dell’immunità adattativa. Questa modulazione contestuale potrebbe essere cruciale per identificare nuovi adiuvanti, poiché fornisce flessibilità nel modulare le risposte immunitarie in base alle esigenze terapeutiche, mirando a evitare gli effetti pro-infiammatori indotti dagli adiuvanti convenzionali. Le seguenti proprietà indicano che SA può essere un candidato come adiuvante. Le intuizioni meccanicistiche sul crosstalk NK-DC hanno rivelato che Sulfavant A facilita le interazioni recettore-ligando, inclusa NKG2D-MICA/B, promuovendo l'attivazione delle cellule NK e la maturazione delle cellule dendritiche. Questa attivazione bidirezionale di cellule NK e DC rafforza la sinapsi immunologica, amplificando le risposte immunitarie cruciali per l’eliminazione dei patogeni e la sorveglianza tumorale. In particolare, le interazioni tra NKG2A e HLA-E svolgono un ruolo cruciale nel mantenere l’omeostasi immunitaria, prevenendo risposte infiammatorie eccessive—un'altra caratteristica essenziale per gli adiuvanti, che bilancia l'attivazione e la regolazione immunitaria. Sulfavant A presenta diverse caratteristiche chiave di un promettente adiuvante, grazie alla sua capacità di stimolare sia le risposte immunitarie innate che adattative, modulare l’espressione dei recettori immunitari in modo dose- e contesto-dipendente e regolare finemente l’equilibrio tra attivazione e regolazione immunitaria. La sua capacità di promuovere la maturazione delle cellule dendritiche, l'attività delle cellule NK e le risposte delle cellule T, senza indurre tossicità immunitaria eccessiva, ne evidenzia il potenziale come adiuvante di nuova generazione per l’immunoterapia contro il cancro, le malattie autoimmuni, l’infiammazione e lo sviluppo di vaccini.
Sulfavant A: Dissecting immunomodulatory mechanisms in vitro and in vivo for translational immunotherapy
AFSHARI BEHBAHANI ZADEH, SOHEIL
2025
Abstract
Sulfavant A (SA), a novel synthetic sulfolipid adjuvant derived from marine algae, represents a transformative approach in immunomodulation and adjuvant technology. This study reports an exploitation of Sulfavant A’s immunomodulatory properties, with a particular focus on its effects on natural killer (NK) cells. By exploring concentration- and context-dependent modulation of immune cell receptor expression, activation, and functionality, the research elucidates Sulfavant A’s potential as a promising agent for cancer immunotherapy, vaccine development, and immune regulation. It has been shown that Sulfavant A induced maturation of dendritic cells, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, marked by upregulation of CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR, thus enhancing antigen presentation and T cell activation and facilitating DC migration to lymphoid tissues (ref). Sulfavant A also stimulate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and adaptive immune responses indicating its capacity to bridge innate and adaptive immunity (1). In several experiments, published recently, T cell responses exhibited a peculiar regulation upon SA stimulation, with low concentrations promoting proliferation and higher concentrations suppressing activation (2), indicating a dose-dependent modulation of adaptive immunity. This context-dependent modulation may be critical to identify new adjuvants, as it provides flexibility in tailoring immune responses according to therapeutic needs, aiming to avoid proinflammatory effects induced by conventional adjuvant. The following properties indicate that SA can be a candidate to be used as adjuvant. Mechanistic insights into NK-DC crosstalk revealed that Sulfavant A facilitated receptor-ligand interactions, including NKG2D-MICA/B promoting NK cell activation and DC maturation. This bidirectional activation of NK cells and DCs enhances the immunological synapse, amplifying immune responses crucial for pathogen clearance and tumor surveillance. Notably, interactions between NKG2A and HLA-E play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis, preventing excessive inflammatory responses—another essential feature for adjuvants to balance immune activation and regulation. Sulfavant A exhibits several key features of a promising adjuvant due to its ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses, modulate immune receptor expression in a context- and dose-dependent manner, and fine-tune the balance between immune activation and regulation. Its capacity to promote dendritic cell maturation, NK cell activity, and T cell responses, without inducing excessive immune toxicity, highlights its potential as a next-generation adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and vaccine development.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/202289
URN:NBN:IT:UNIGE-202289