Lichens, symbiotic associations between a fungal partner (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (photobiont), have evolved to colonise extreme environments, supported by mechanisms such as desiccation tolerance and diverse reproductive strategies. In this context, the role of Trebouxia, the most common green algal photobiont in lichen symbioses, and even more so of its flagellate life stages is particularly intriguing, especially in view of their potential contribution to the re-establishment of the symbiosis. The main aim of this doctoral Thesis was to investigate the biological significance of flagellate cells in Trebouxia, to clarify their life cycle and to evaluate their role in re-lichenisation processes, particularly in the lichen Xanthoria parietina. Three main studies were carried out. Chapter 1 focused on the reproductive biology of Trebouxia, characterising the motile stages of four species using an innovative combination of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This study revealed two distinct flagellate cell types — zoospores for asexual reproduction and gametes for sexual reproduction — providing clear evidence for sexual reproduction in Trebouxia, which was further corroborated by molecular analyses. In Chapter 2, the chemotropic responses of the flagellate cells of T. decolorans to germinating ascospores of the compatible mycobiont X. parietina were analysed. The results showed a significant attraction of flagellate cells to both X. parietina and Morchella sp., a non-lichenising ascomycete, suggesting that zoospores can facilitate encounters between symbiotic partners, albeit in a non-specific manner. In Chapter 3, the conditions required for zoosporogenesis in T. decolorans were investigated, testing nutrient availability, osmotic potential, and temperature. Specific conditions that increase growth rate and trigger zoosporogenesis were identified, providing a reliable protocol for flagellate cell production. In addition to these studies, two complementary appendices focused on the water relations of lichen symbioses and provided insights into the physiological adaptations of lichens. Appendix 1 investigated water dynamics in two foliose lichens and found that monitoring ultrasonic acoustic emissions disproved the assumption that hyphae cavitate during desiccation. Appendix 2 investigated the differences in water potential (Ψ) between mycobiont and photobiont layers in Peltigera britannica and showed that Ψ-decoupling allows the photobiont layer to maintain photosynthesis longer during desiccation, an important mechanism of desiccation tolerance.
I licheni, associazioni simbiotiche tra un partner fungino (micobionte) e un partner fotosintetizzante (fotobionte), si sono evoluti per colonizzare ambienti estremi, grazie a meccanismi quali la tolleranza al disseccamento e diverse strategie riproduttive. In questo contesto, il ruolo di Trebouxia, il fotobionte più comune nelle simbiosi licheniche, e ancor più dei suoi stadi vitali flagellati è particolarmente intrigante, soprattutto in considerazione del loro potenziale contributo al ristabilimento della simbiosi. L'obiettivo principale di questa tesi di dottorato è stato quello di indagare il significato biologico delle cellule flagellate in Trebouxia, di chiarire il loro ciclo di vita e di valutare il loro ruolo nei processi di re-lichenizzazione, in particolare nel lichene Xanthoria parietina. Sono stati condotti tre studi principali. Il capitolo 1 si è concentrato sulla biologia riproduttiva di Trebouxia, caratterizzando gli stadi motili di quattro specie utilizzando una combinazione innovativa di microscopia ottica e microscopia elettronica a scansione. Questo studio ha rivelato due distinti tipi di cellule flagellate - le zoospore per la riproduzione asessuata e i gameti per la riproduzione sessuata - fornendo una chiara evidenza della riproduzione sessuata in Trebouxia, ulteriormente corroborata dalle analisi molecolari. Nel capitolo 2 sono state analizzate le risposte chemotropiche delle cellule flagellate di T. decolorans alle ascospore germinanti del micobionte compatibile X. parietina. I risultati hanno mostrato una significativa attrazione delle cellule flagellate sia verso X. parietina sia verso Morchella sp., un ascomicete non lichenizzante, suggerendo che le zoospore possono facilitare l'incontro tra partner simbiotici, anche se in modo non specifico. Nel capitolo 3 sono state studiate le condizioni necessarie per la zoosporogenesi in T. decolorans, testando la disponibilità di nutrienti, il potenziale osmotico e la temperatura. Sono state identificate le condizioni specifiche che aumentano il tasso di crescita e innescano la zoosporogenesi, fornendo un protocollo affidabile per la produzione di cellule flagellate. Oltre a questi studi, due appendici complementari si sono concentrate sulle relazioni idriche delle simbiosi licheniche e hanno fornito approfondimenti sugli adattamenti fisiologici dei licheni. L'Appendice 1 ha studiato la dinamica dell'acqua in due licheni fogliosi e ha rilevato che il monitoraggio delle emissioni acustiche ha smentito l'ipotesi che le ife cavitino durante il disseccamento. L'Appendice 2 ha analizzato le differenze di potenziale idrico (Ψ) tra gli strati del micobionte e quello del fotobionte di Peltigera britannica e ha dimostrato che il disaccoppiamento dell'Ψ consente al fotobionte di mantenere la fotosintesi più a lungo durante il disseccamento, un importante meccanismo di tolleranza al disseccamento.
PHOTOBIONT–MYCOBIONT INTERACTIONS IN THE LICHEN SYMBIOSIS
BOCCATO, ENRICO
2025
Abstract
Lichens, symbiotic associations between a fungal partner (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (photobiont), have evolved to colonise extreme environments, supported by mechanisms such as desiccation tolerance and diverse reproductive strategies. In this context, the role of Trebouxia, the most common green algal photobiont in lichen symbioses, and even more so of its flagellate life stages is particularly intriguing, especially in view of their potential contribution to the re-establishment of the symbiosis. The main aim of this doctoral Thesis was to investigate the biological significance of flagellate cells in Trebouxia, to clarify their life cycle and to evaluate their role in re-lichenisation processes, particularly in the lichen Xanthoria parietina. Three main studies were carried out. Chapter 1 focused on the reproductive biology of Trebouxia, characterising the motile stages of four species using an innovative combination of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This study revealed two distinct flagellate cell types — zoospores for asexual reproduction and gametes for sexual reproduction — providing clear evidence for sexual reproduction in Trebouxia, which was further corroborated by molecular analyses. In Chapter 2, the chemotropic responses of the flagellate cells of T. decolorans to germinating ascospores of the compatible mycobiont X. parietina were analysed. The results showed a significant attraction of flagellate cells to both X. parietina and Morchella sp., a non-lichenising ascomycete, suggesting that zoospores can facilitate encounters between symbiotic partners, albeit in a non-specific manner. In Chapter 3, the conditions required for zoosporogenesis in T. decolorans were investigated, testing nutrient availability, osmotic potential, and temperature. Specific conditions that increase growth rate and trigger zoosporogenesis were identified, providing a reliable protocol for flagellate cell production. In addition to these studies, two complementary appendices focused on the water relations of lichen symbioses and provided insights into the physiological adaptations of lichens. Appendix 1 investigated water dynamics in two foliose lichens and found that monitoring ultrasonic acoustic emissions disproved the assumption that hyphae cavitate during desiccation. Appendix 2 investigated the differences in water potential (Ψ) between mycobiont and photobiont layers in Peltigera britannica and showed that Ψ-decoupling allows the photobiont layer to maintain photosynthesis longer during desiccation, an important mechanism of desiccation tolerance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/202389
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-202389