Optimization and control of hydrogen-based energy systems

Hydrogen systems, both electrolyzers and fuel cells, are of prime importance in any sustainable and decarbonized energy future. The aim of this PhD thesis is to present methods and results related to the integration, optimization, and control of hydrogen systems for sustainable energy districts, focusing on the main challenges concerning their performance, efficiency, and durability when interfaced with intermittent renewable energy sources. It does this through structured research within an overall framework of high-level energy management with the integration of low-level control strategies. A bi-level optimization approach will be developed for the optimization of scheduling and dispatch at a macro level in such a way that renewable energy resources can be utilized effectively at a minimum operation cost. Furthermore, the methodology will also develop, at a micro level, advanced control methodologies based on reference governors and control barrier functions to deal with the dynamic behavior of electrolyzers and fuel cells under flexible loads to avoid degradation and improve safety for these systems. The thesis, therefore, goes on to give a detailed analysis of the key performance factors such as temperature and pressure that influence operational stability and efficiency. Based on extensive modeling, simulation, and experimental validation, the methodologies proposed ensure significant improvements in system resilience and efficiency, considering practical constraints like load variability and system nonlinearities. In this respect, the results of this work contribute to the state-of-the-art development of hydrogen systems integration and control. They set up a strong basis for scalable, efficient, and sustainable hydrogen-based energy solutions that span from microgrids to transportation systems. The research findings also inform the design of next-generation energy management systems, offering innovative solutions to real-world challenges present in the area of sustainable energy transition.