The so-called 'Fourth Industrial Revolution' brought about the combination of innovative technologies, such as algorithms, machine learning, neural networks and deep learning, robotics and the rapid and growing spread of 'Artificial Intelligence' (hereinafter also referred to as 'A.I.'). The notion of A.I., in a broad sense, encompasses all technological systems capable of replacing human activity in the performance and pursuit of objectives and of doing so autonomously, through so-called 'self-learning' mechanisms that can be likened to certain functions of the human mind. This research has therefore set out to study and investigate which models of civil liability can be adapted to the case in which the damage comes from an intelligent mechanism and the substantial and procedural modalities through which to provide compensation for such damage. The civil law scholar is therefore faced with a phenomenon that is certainly heterogeneous and hardly lends itself to a single and unitary regulation. The absence inter alia of a consolidated jurisprudential practice, in addition to the well-known legislative and doctrinal uncertainties, leads the interpreter to study the solutions adopted overseas, especially in the Silicon Valley areas, where US courts have already produced copious case law. The analysis of the substantive data will not prejudge the hypothesis formulated by some to establish a true form of 'electronic personality' in response to the aforementioned arguments, despite the many voices reluctant to recognise the machine as a true centre of imputation of interests. The survey was also an opportunity for an oriented reading of certain institutes of the civil process and is generally aimed at identifying innovative means of protection - extrajudicial and judicial - that, to date, supranational and national legislation does not provide for. In this respect, the in-depth study of Law No. 31 of 12 April 2019 on so-called "collective proceedings" was relevant. This reform has affected both class actions for the protection of "homogeneous individual rights" and collective action and, in particular: on the one hand, the class action provided for by the consumer code has migrated to the code of civil procedure with the consequent application also to non-consumers; on the other hand, the legitimacy for collective action is no longer limited to the associative bodies with qualified interests, but is extended to anyone with an interest. In this context of reference, with a view to enhancing consumer protection and tackling the problems of serial litigation, the research finally proposed to investigate and examine mainly the use of I.A. systems with particular regard to the preliminary stage of civil proceedings.
La c.d. “Quarta rivoluzione industriale” ha determinato la combinazione di tecnologie innovative, quali gli algoritmi, il machine learning, le reti neurali e il deep learning, la robotica e la rapida e crescente diffusione dell’“Intelligenza artificiale” (d’ora in avanti anche “I.A.”). La nozione di I.A., in un’accezione ampia, ricomprende tutti i sistemi tecnologici in grado di sostituire l’attività dell’uomo nello svolgimento e nel perseguimento di obiettivi e di farlo in via autonoma, attraverso meccanismi di c.d. “autoapprendimento” assimilabili ad alcune funzionalità della mente umana. Questa ricerca si è proposta dunque di studiare ed indagare quali modelli di responsabilità civile possano adattarsi alla fattispecie in cui il danno proviene da un meccanismo intelligente e le modalità sostanziali e processuali attraverso le quali fornire ristoro a tale danno. Lo studioso del diritto civile si trova dunque di fronte ad un fenomeno sicuramente eterogeneo, che scarsamente si presta ad una regolazione singola ed unitaria. L’assenza inter alia di una consolidata prassi giurisprudenziale, oltre alle ben note incertezze legislative e dottrinali, porta l’interprete a studiare le soluzioni adottate oltreoceano, specie nelle aree della Silicon Valley, laddove le corti statunitensi già hanno prodotto copiosa giurisprudenza. L’analisi del dato sostanziale non porrà alcun pregiudizio rispetto all’ipotesi formulata da alcuni di istituire una vera e propria forma di “personalità elettronica” in risposta ai succitati argomenti, nonostante le molte voci restie a riconoscere alla macchina il fatto che la stessa sia un vero e proprio centro di imputazioni di interessi. L’indagine è stata anche occasione per una lettura orientata di alcuni istituti del processo civile ed è in generale volta ad individuare strumenti di tutela – stragiudiziale e giudiziale – innovativi che, ad oggi, la normativa sovranazionale e nazionale non prevedono. Sotto questo profilo, rilevante è stato l’approfondimento della Legge 12 aprile 2019, n. 31 in materia di c.d. “procedimenti collettivi”. Questa riforma ha interessato sia le azioni di classe per la tutela di “diritti individuali omogenei” sia l’azione collettiva e, in particolare: da un lato, l’azione di classe prevista dal codice del consumo è migrata nel codice di procedura civile con la conseguente applicazione anche a soggetti non consumatori, dall’altro lato, la legittimazione per l’azione collettiva non è più limitata ai soli enti associativi portatori di interessi qualificati, ma viene estesa a chiunque ne abbia interesse. In questo contesto di riferimento, nell’ottica di potenziare la tutela dei consumatori e fronteggiare i problemi del contenzioso seriale, la ricerca si è infine proposta di indagare e vagliare principalmente l’impiego dei sistemi di I.A. con particolare riguardo alla fase istruttoria del processo civile.
L’INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE E LA RESPONSABILITA’ CIVILE Profili sostanziali e processuali
BAGGIO, ANDREA
2025
Abstract
The so-called 'Fourth Industrial Revolution' brought about the combination of innovative technologies, such as algorithms, machine learning, neural networks and deep learning, robotics and the rapid and growing spread of 'Artificial Intelligence' (hereinafter also referred to as 'A.I.'). The notion of A.I., in a broad sense, encompasses all technological systems capable of replacing human activity in the performance and pursuit of objectives and of doing so autonomously, through so-called 'self-learning' mechanisms that can be likened to certain functions of the human mind. This research has therefore set out to study and investigate which models of civil liability can be adapted to the case in which the damage comes from an intelligent mechanism and the substantial and procedural modalities through which to provide compensation for such damage. The civil law scholar is therefore faced with a phenomenon that is certainly heterogeneous and hardly lends itself to a single and unitary regulation. The absence inter alia of a consolidated jurisprudential practice, in addition to the well-known legislative and doctrinal uncertainties, leads the interpreter to study the solutions adopted overseas, especially in the Silicon Valley areas, where US courts have already produced copious case law. The analysis of the substantive data will not prejudge the hypothesis formulated by some to establish a true form of 'electronic personality' in response to the aforementioned arguments, despite the many voices reluctant to recognise the machine as a true centre of imputation of interests. The survey was also an opportunity for an oriented reading of certain institutes of the civil process and is generally aimed at identifying innovative means of protection - extrajudicial and judicial - that, to date, supranational and national legislation does not provide for. In this respect, the in-depth study of Law No. 31 of 12 April 2019 on so-called "collective proceedings" was relevant. This reform has affected both class actions for the protection of "homogeneous individual rights" and collective action and, in particular: on the one hand, the class action provided for by the consumer code has migrated to the code of civil procedure with the consequent application also to non-consumers; on the other hand, the legitimacy for collective action is no longer limited to the associative bodies with qualified interests, but is extended to anyone with an interest. In this context of reference, with a view to enhancing consumer protection and tackling the problems of serial litigation, the research finally proposed to investigate and examine mainly the use of I.A. systems with particular regard to the preliminary stage of civil proceedings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/209307
URN:NBN:IT:UNINSUBRIA-209307