This thesis focuses on gender occupational segregation and the multiple factors that can incentivize it, paying particular attention to the healthcare sector. The first two chapters review the literature regarding occupational gender segregation, gender inequalities in employment, and theories that can explain the phenomenon. Proceeding step by step, the discussion also focuses on factors that can promote occupational gender segregation: individual, organizational, political-institutional, and cultural. The issue of gender occupational segregation in the healthcare context is also addressed with a focus on the medical and nursing fields. In addition, the situation of women in the work environment is explored in depth, highlighting the part of the literature addressing gender within organizations and emotional labor. In the case of healthcare, occupational segregation by gender can be seen both between the medical and nursing professions, historically male—and female-dominated fields, respectively, and between medical specialties. As will be noted in the results section, the healthcare field is undergoing changes, mainly due to the increasing presence of women in medicine. The research investigates individual factors (motivations, expectations, ambitions, etc.) that may promote this phenomenon and direct educational and professional choices in the health sector. Using a mixed-method approach, the thesis includes a qualitative and a quantitative part. Specifically, 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted with nursing students and medical residents from different parts of Italy. The qualitative study adopted the Grounded Theory approach, and a three-level coding of the interviews was conducted. Four categories emerged from the interviews: choice, discrimination, prestige and social status, and work-life balance. From the results of the qualitative research, a questionnaire was constructed and disseminated online and administered to medical residents. Indeed, the quantitative part of the research focused on the medical field and people attending a specialization to deepen the changes medicine is facing, also due to the increased presence of women in the profession. The quantitative analysis of the data allowed us to explore the key factors and figures that led respondents to choose a specialization and to ascertain the role of discrimination and considerations about future or possible care responsibilities, taking into consideration gender differences. Findings from the two studies show the pervasiveness of discriminatory incidents toward women in both male- and female-dominated fields. Also, considering the issue of work-life balance, women seem to have a greater awareness of the effects that care responsibilities can have on their careers.
Questo lavoro di ricerca si focalizza sulla segregazione occupazionale di genere e i molteplici fattori che possono incentivarla, prestando particolare attenzione al settore sanitario. I primi due capitoli passano in rassegna la letteratura riguardante la segregazione occupazionale di genere in senso ampio, le diseguaglianze di genere in ambito lavorativo e le teorie volte a spiegare il fenomeno. Procedendo per gradi, la trattazione si concentra anche sui fattori che possono promuovere la segregazione occupazionale di genere: individuali, organizzativi, politico-istituzionali e culturali. Viene anche affrontato il tema della segregazione occupazionale di genere nel contesto sanitario con un focus sull’ambito medico e infermieristico. Inoltre, viene approfondita la situazione delle donne nell’ambiente lavorativo, mettendo in evidenza la parte di letteratura rivolta al tema del genere all’interno delle organizzazioni e all’emotional labor. Nel caso dell’ambito sanitario, la segregazione occupazionale di genere può essere visibile sia tra la professione medica e quella infermieristica, storicamente ambiti a dominanza maschile e femminile rispettivamente, ma anche tra specializzazioni mediche. Come verrà osservato nella parte dei risultati, il settore sanitario sta subendo dei cambiamenti, soprattutto dovuti alla crescente presenza femminile in medicina. La ricerca si propone di indagare i fattori individuali (motivazioni, aspettative, ambizioni, ecc.) che possono promuovere questo fenomeno e indirizzare le scelte educative e professionali nel settore della salute. Utilizzando un approccio mixed-method, lo studio prevede una parte qualitativa e una quantitativa. Nello specifico, sono state condotte 40 interviste semi-strutturate a studentesse e studenti di infermieristica e a specializzande e specializzandi di medicina provenienti da diverse zone di Italia. Lo studio qualitativo ha adottato l’approccio della Grounded Theory e si è proceduto con una codifica a tre livelli delle interviste. Dalle interviste sono emerse quattro categorie: la scelta, discriminazione, prestigio e status sociale e conciliazione vita-lavoro. A partire dai risultati della ricerca qualitativa è stato costruito un questionario diffuso online e somministrato alle specializzande e agli specializzandi di medicina. Difatti, la parte di ricerca quantitativa si è concentrata sul settore medico e le persone che frequentano una specializzazione, in quanto la medicina sta affrontando dei cambiamenti anche dovuti alla maggiore presenza femminile nella professione. L’analisi quantitativa dei dati ha consentito di esplorare i fattori e le figure chiave che hanno portato le rispondenti e i rispondenti alla scelta di una specializzazione, di verificare il ruolo della discriminazione e delle considerazioni circa le future o eventuali responsabilità di cura, tenendo in considerazione le differenze di genere. In particolare, i risultati dei due studi mostrano la pervasività degli episodi di discriminazione nei confronti delle donne in ambiti sia prevalenza maschile che femminile. Inoltre, considerando il tema della conciliazione vita-lavoro, le donne sembrano avere una maggiore consapevolezza degli effetti che possono avere le responsabilità di cura sulla carriera.
Occupational segregation by gender in healthcare: a mixed-method study on nursing and medicine
GRAZIOSI, REBECCA
2025
Abstract
This thesis focuses on gender occupational segregation and the multiple factors that can incentivize it, paying particular attention to the healthcare sector. The first two chapters review the literature regarding occupational gender segregation, gender inequalities in employment, and theories that can explain the phenomenon. Proceeding step by step, the discussion also focuses on factors that can promote occupational gender segregation: individual, organizational, political-institutional, and cultural. The issue of gender occupational segregation in the healthcare context is also addressed with a focus on the medical and nursing fields. In addition, the situation of women in the work environment is explored in depth, highlighting the part of the literature addressing gender within organizations and emotional labor. In the case of healthcare, occupational segregation by gender can be seen both between the medical and nursing professions, historically male—and female-dominated fields, respectively, and between medical specialties. As will be noted in the results section, the healthcare field is undergoing changes, mainly due to the increasing presence of women in medicine. The research investigates individual factors (motivations, expectations, ambitions, etc.) that may promote this phenomenon and direct educational and professional choices in the health sector. Using a mixed-method approach, the thesis includes a qualitative and a quantitative part. Specifically, 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted with nursing students and medical residents from different parts of Italy. The qualitative study adopted the Grounded Theory approach, and a three-level coding of the interviews was conducted. Four categories emerged from the interviews: choice, discrimination, prestige and social status, and work-life balance. From the results of the qualitative research, a questionnaire was constructed and disseminated online and administered to medical residents. Indeed, the quantitative part of the research focused on the medical field and people attending a specialization to deepen the changes medicine is facing, also due to the increased presence of women in the profession. The quantitative analysis of the data allowed us to explore the key factors and figures that led respondents to choose a specialization and to ascertain the role of discrimination and considerations about future or possible care responsibilities, taking into consideration gender differences. Findings from the two studies show the pervasiveness of discriminatory incidents toward women in both male- and female-dominated fields. Also, considering the issue of work-life balance, women seem to have a greater awareness of the effects that care responsibilities can have on their careers.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/209382
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-209382