This research aims to examine the contribution of social housing regulatory policies to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations' 2030 Agenda and to the protection of human rights, with specific reference to the right to adequate housing and the right to environmental health. The study is divided into two parts. The first part seeks to define the content of international, European, and national regulations that promote and protect these two fundamental rights, which underpin social housing policies. These rights can be categorized as second-generation human rights (economic, social, and cultural rights) and third-generation human rights (collective and solidarity rights). This systematic framework goes beyond merely examining relevant international regulations; it also takes into account the judicial and quasi-judicial practices of monitoring bodies operating in Europe, the Americas, and Africa, as well as the interpretative work of UN human rights treaty bodies and ad hoc Special Rapporteurs of this international organization. The objective is twofold. On one hand, it aims to assess the justiciability and extraterritorial scope of the right to adequate housing and the right to environmental health. This involves identifying the forms of judicial protection available in response to state obligations that are not only negative—requiring states to refrain from decisions that harm the natural habitat and violate housing rights—but also positive, encompassing substantive and procedural remedial measures. On the other hand, the study explores the possibility of recognizing these rights as part of customary international law, in order to determine whether, even in contexts such as the EU—where these rights do not enjoy the same level of recognition as under international law—it would still be possible to invoke these international sources. Once the foundations of social housing policies have been established and it has been verified that they serve to protect two genuine human rights, the second part of the research focuses on the role of these policies in safeguarding other human rights and in achieving the UN’s SDGs. The goal of this section is to assess whether the effects of social housing can also positively influence other factors, such as poverty and hunger reduction, health and well-being protection, and even the promotion of sustainable urban development models, such as smart cities. In this regard, the research aims to determine whether social housing policies can be configured as a tool to ensure social cohesion, urban resilience, and participatory governance models, including through the integration of smart technologies for energy management, security, and shared services. This would be in line with the principles established by international, European, and national regulations on urban planning and sustainable development. In other words, the study questions whether these policies can be considered a fundamental contribution to the creation of an entire urban system that not only addresses climate change but also ensures sustainable economic development and creates spaces for social integration while reducing inequalities, marginalization, isolation, and urban decay.
La presente ricerca si propone di esaminare il contributo delle politiche normative di social housing al conseguimento degli OSS dell’Agenda 2030 delle Nazioni Unite e alla tutela dei diritti umani, con specifico riferimento al diritto a un’abitazione adeguata e al diritto alla salubrità ambientale. In particolare, lo studio è suddiviso in due parti. Nella prima di esse, si vuole precisare il contenuto delle norme internazionali, europee e nazionali che promuovono e tutelano questi due diritti posti alla base delle misure di ERS, riconducibili rispettivamente alla categoria dei c.d. diritti umani di seconda generazione e a quelli di terza generazione. Tale inquadramento sistematico non si limita all’esame delle pertinenti norme internazionali, ma tiene conto anche della prassi giurisdizionale e quasi giurisdizionale degli organi di controllo operanti nei continenti europeo, americano e africano, nonché dell’attività interpretativa degli human rights treaty bodies delle NU e dei Relatori speciali ad hoc di questa Organizzazione internazionale. L’obiettivo è, da un lato, verificare la giustiziabilità e la portata extraterritoriale del diritto ad un alloggio adeguato e del diritto alla salubrità ambientale, per individuare le forme di tutela giudiziale dei medesimi azionabili a fronte di obblighi per gli Stati non soltanto negativi di esimersi dall’adozione di decisioni che danneggino l’habitat naturale e violino il diritto all’alloggio delle persone, ma soprattutto positivi che consistono in misure riparatorie, di natura sostanziale e procedurale. Dall’altro, esplorare la possibilità di riconoscere tali diritti come parte del diritto internazionale consuetudinario, al fine di valutare se, anche in contesti come quello dell’UE – in cui i due diritti non godono del riconoscimento apprestato dalle norme internazionali – sia comunque possibile avvalersi di tali fonti internazionali. Ricostruito il fondamento delle politiche di ERS e appurato che esse sono poste a tutela di due veri e proprio diritti umani, la seconda parte si focalizza sul ruolo di tali politiche nella protezione di altri diritti dell’uomo e nel raggiungimento degli OSS delle NU. Lo scopo di questa parte della ricerca è verificare se gli effetti del social housing possano influenzare positivamente anche altri fattori, quali la riduzione della povertà e della fame, la tutela della salute e del benessere delle persone e persino la promozione di modelli di sviluppo urbano sostenibile, come le smart cities. A quest’ultimo proposito, si vuole verificare se le politiche di ERS possano configurarsi come uno strumento volto a garantire la coesione sociale, la resilienza urbana e i modelli di governance partecipativa, anche attraverso l’integrazione di tecnologie intelligenti per la gestione energetica, la sicurezza e i servizi condivisi, in conformità ai principi sanciti dalla normativa internazionale, europea e nazionale in materia di urbanistica e sviluppo sostenibile. In altri termini, ci si chiede se le politiche in esame possano essere considerate quale contributo fondamentale alla realizzazione di un intero sistema urbano volto sì a contrastare il fenomeno dei cambiamenti climatici, ma anche a garantire uno sviluppo economico sostenibile e a creare spazi di integrazione sociale e riduzione delle disuguaglianze, delle emarginazioni, degli isolamenti e del degrado.
LA REGOLAMENTAZIONE DEL SOCIAL HOUSING NEL DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE E NEL DIRITTO DELL¿UNIONE EUROPEA: QUALI RIFLESSI SULLA PROTEZIONE DEI DIRITTI UMANI E SUL RAGGIUNGIMENTO DEGLI OBIETTIVI DI SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE?
CRISTARELLA ORISTANO, MARIAIDA
2025
Abstract
This research aims to examine the contribution of social housing regulatory policies to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations' 2030 Agenda and to the protection of human rights, with specific reference to the right to adequate housing and the right to environmental health. The study is divided into two parts. The first part seeks to define the content of international, European, and national regulations that promote and protect these two fundamental rights, which underpin social housing policies. These rights can be categorized as second-generation human rights (economic, social, and cultural rights) and third-generation human rights (collective and solidarity rights). This systematic framework goes beyond merely examining relevant international regulations; it also takes into account the judicial and quasi-judicial practices of monitoring bodies operating in Europe, the Americas, and Africa, as well as the interpretative work of UN human rights treaty bodies and ad hoc Special Rapporteurs of this international organization. The objective is twofold. On one hand, it aims to assess the justiciability and extraterritorial scope of the right to adequate housing and the right to environmental health. This involves identifying the forms of judicial protection available in response to state obligations that are not only negative—requiring states to refrain from decisions that harm the natural habitat and violate housing rights—but also positive, encompassing substantive and procedural remedial measures. On the other hand, the study explores the possibility of recognizing these rights as part of customary international law, in order to determine whether, even in contexts such as the EU—where these rights do not enjoy the same level of recognition as under international law—it would still be possible to invoke these international sources. Once the foundations of social housing policies have been established and it has been verified that they serve to protect two genuine human rights, the second part of the research focuses on the role of these policies in safeguarding other human rights and in achieving the UN’s SDGs. The goal of this section is to assess whether the effects of social housing can also positively influence other factors, such as poverty and hunger reduction, health and well-being protection, and even the promotion of sustainable urban development models, such as smart cities. In this regard, the research aims to determine whether social housing policies can be configured as a tool to ensure social cohesion, urban resilience, and participatory governance models, including through the integration of smart technologies for energy management, security, and shared services. This would be in line with the principles established by international, European, and national regulations on urban planning and sustainable development. In other words, the study questions whether these policies can be considered a fundamental contribution to the creation of an entire urban system that not only addresses climate change but also ensures sustainable economic development and creates spaces for social integration while reducing inequalities, marginalization, isolation, and urban decay.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/209564
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-209564