The legal provisions that regulate productive activities influence the relationship between economic activities and natural resources, defining the marginal profitability of production and consumption options. In the agricultural sector, which was originally oriented towards intensive models and over-exploitation of resources, the failure to give adequate value to natural capital and to biodiversity has exacerbated such dynamics. However, with the emergence of global awareness about the finiteness of resources and the degradation of biodiversity as a "common human problem", the "growth" paradigm has been progressively replaced by the one of "sustainable development",, which promotes an agriculture capable of internalizing environmental impacts in the balance of their respective costs-benefits. At this sake, however, a problematic issue is the qualification of the positive externalities of agriculture as public goods. This circumstance, being at the basis of a market inefficiency, requires an adequate governance framework, ideally structured on three levels: stringent environmental regulations, ascribable to the so-called "environmental public order"; instruments to make agricultural operators responsible for the provision of collective benefits, such as food safety, protection of natural resources and animal welfare; and measures suitable to translate into real ‘payments’ aimed at remunerating the provision of "environmental services".In order to establish an integrated regulatory approach between agricultural regulation and nature protection, the second and third levels play a major role. The analysis of the intermediate level of governance focuses on the evolution of the instruments of the first pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), assessing their suitability, in the 2023-2027 program, to achieve the ambitious goals set by the 2030 Agenda and the European Green Deal. At the most advanced level of regulation, the focus is on «payments for ecosystem services» or «payments for environmental services», designed to remunerate farmers for providing additional environmental services, promoting sustainable management of natural resources and strengthening the link between agriculture and environmental protection. In this context, in which a privileged role is assigned to the contractual instrument, it is necessary to explore both the CAP measures to which farmers can adhere on a voluntary basis, which can be traced back to the second pillar, and the value that individual national regulations assign to economic initiative spontaneously oriented towards the protection of natural resources. In this regard, the comparison between Italy and France is particularly relevant: although the two countries share the same legal tradition, they have followed opposite paths in preparing organic legislation on nature protection. The French system's all-encompassing approach culminated in the approval of the 2016 ‘Loi biodiversité’: among the law's many innovative elements, one particularly noteworthy measure is the introduction of «obligations réelles environnementales», as a result of a «legal transplant» of the Anglo-American «conservation easements». Italy, on the other hand, in line with the "performative" interpretation of the recent reform of Articles 9 and 41 of the Constitution, seems to be moving towards a potential regulatory development in this direction. In the final analysis, therefore, it is possible to draw some remarks on the "circulation" of this model in the Italian system, in line with the thrust coming from the European system, outlining the bases for a future regulatory intervention that combines the protection of biodiversity with the objectives of sustainable development.
Le norme giuridiche che disciplinano le attività produttive influenzano il rapporto tra attività economiche e risorse naturali, determinando la redditività marginale delle opzioni di produzione e consumo. Nel settore agricolo, originariamente orientato verso modelli intensivi e sovra-sfruttamento delle risorse, l'incapacità di valorizzare adeguatamente il capitale naturale e la biodiversità ha aggravato tali dinamiche. Tuttavia, con l'emersione della consapevolezza globale sulla finitezza delle risorse e sul degrado della biodiversità come "problema comune dell'umanità", il paradigma della “crescita” è stato progressivamente sostituito da quello dello “sviluppo sostenibile”, che promuove un’agricoltura capace di internalizzare gli impatti ambientali nel bilancio dei rispettivi costi-benefici. A tal fine, però, un nodo problematico è rappresentato dalla qualificazione delle esternalità positive dell’agricoltura come beni pubblici. Tale circostanza, ponendosi alla base di un' inefficienza di mercato, richiede un quadro di governance adeguato, idealmente strutturato su tre livelli: normative ambientali stringenti, ascrivibili al c.d. "ordine pubblico ambientale"; strumenti per responsabilizzare gli operatori agricoli nell’erogazione di benefici collettivi, come sicurezza alimentare, tutela delle risorse naturali e benessere animale; misure idonee a tradursi in veri e propri "pagamenti" volti a remunerare l'erogazione di "servizi ambientali". In vista dell'affermazione di un approccio normativo integrato tra disciplina dell'agricoltura e protezione della Natura, il secondo ed il terzo livello giocano un ruolo di primaria importanza. L'analisi del livello intermedio di governance si concentra sull'evoluzione degli strumenti del primo pilastro della Politica Agricola Comune (PAC), valutando la loro idoneità, nella programmazione 2023-2027, a conseguire gli ambiziosi obiettivi stabiliti dall'Agenda 2030 e dal Green Deal europeo. Al livello più avanzato di regolazione, l'attenzione è rivolta ai «pagamenti per servizi ecosistemici» o «pagamenti per servizi ambientali», concepiti per remunerare gli agricoltori per la fornitura di servizi ambientali aggiuntivi, promuovendo una gestione sostenibile delle risorse naturali e rafforzando il legame tra agricoltura e tutela ambientale. In questo contesto, in cui è assegnato un ruolo privilegiato allo strumento contrattuale, occorre esplorare sia le misure della PAC a cui gli agricoltori possono aderire su base volontaria, riconducibili al secondo pilastro, sia il valore che i singoli ordinamenti nazionali assegnano all'iniziativa economica spontaneamente orientata verso la protezione delle risorse naturali. A tal proposito, la comparazione tra l'Italia e la Francia risulta particolarmente rilevante: sebbene i due Paesi condividano la medesima tradizione giuridica, essi hanno seguito percorsi opposti nella predisposizione di una normativa organica in materia di protezione della Natura. L'approccio onnicomprensivo del sistema francese è culminato nell'approvazione della la "Loi biodiversité" del 2016: tra i molteplici elementi innovativi della legge, una misura particolarmente degna di nota è rappresentata dall'introduzione delle «obligations réelles environnementales», frutto di un «legal transplant» dei «conservation easements» di matrice anglo-americana. L’Italia, invece, in linea con l'interpretazione in senso «performativo» della recente riforma degli articoli 9 e 41 della Costituzione, sembra indirizzarsi verso un potenziale sviluppo normativo in questa direzione. In ultima analisi, dunque, è possibile trarre alcune riflessioni in ordine alla "circolazione" di tale modello nel sistema italiano, coerentemente con le spinte provenienti in tal senso dall’ordinamento europeo, delineando le basi per un futuro intervento normativo che coniughi la protezione della biodiversità con gli obiettivi dello sviluppo sostenibile.
Il valore giuridico della biodiversità. Prospettive di diritto europeo e comparato.
RIZZI, PAOLA FRANCESCA
2025
Abstract
The legal provisions that regulate productive activities influence the relationship between economic activities and natural resources, defining the marginal profitability of production and consumption options. In the agricultural sector, which was originally oriented towards intensive models and over-exploitation of resources, the failure to give adequate value to natural capital and to biodiversity has exacerbated such dynamics. However, with the emergence of global awareness about the finiteness of resources and the degradation of biodiversity as a "common human problem", the "growth" paradigm has been progressively replaced by the one of "sustainable development",, which promotes an agriculture capable of internalizing environmental impacts in the balance of their respective costs-benefits. At this sake, however, a problematic issue is the qualification of the positive externalities of agriculture as public goods. This circumstance, being at the basis of a market inefficiency, requires an adequate governance framework, ideally structured on three levels: stringent environmental regulations, ascribable to the so-called "environmental public order"; instruments to make agricultural operators responsible for the provision of collective benefits, such as food safety, protection of natural resources and animal welfare; and measures suitable to translate into real ‘payments’ aimed at remunerating the provision of "environmental services".In order to establish an integrated regulatory approach between agricultural regulation and nature protection, the second and third levels play a major role. The analysis of the intermediate level of governance focuses on the evolution of the instruments of the first pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), assessing their suitability, in the 2023-2027 program, to achieve the ambitious goals set by the 2030 Agenda and the European Green Deal. At the most advanced level of regulation, the focus is on «payments for ecosystem services» or «payments for environmental services», designed to remunerate farmers for providing additional environmental services, promoting sustainable management of natural resources and strengthening the link between agriculture and environmental protection. In this context, in which a privileged role is assigned to the contractual instrument, it is necessary to explore both the CAP measures to which farmers can adhere on a voluntary basis, which can be traced back to the second pillar, and the value that individual national regulations assign to economic initiative spontaneously oriented towards the protection of natural resources. In this regard, the comparison between Italy and France is particularly relevant: although the two countries share the same legal tradition, they have followed opposite paths in preparing organic legislation on nature protection. The French system's all-encompassing approach culminated in the approval of the 2016 ‘Loi biodiversité’: among the law's many innovative elements, one particularly noteworthy measure is the introduction of «obligations réelles environnementales», as a result of a «legal transplant» of the Anglo-American «conservation easements». Italy, on the other hand, in line with the "performative" interpretation of the recent reform of Articles 9 and 41 of the Constitution, seems to be moving towards a potential regulatory development in this direction. In the final analysis, therefore, it is possible to draw some remarks on the "circulation" of this model in the Italian system, in line with the thrust coming from the European system, outlining the bases for a future regulatory intervention that combines the protection of biodiversity with the objectives of sustainable development.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/210165
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-210165