Although its effects are well known, an earthquake remains an unpredictable natural event. Italy, like many Mediterranean countries, faces a high seismic risk due to the combination of three key factors: hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. While “seismic hazard” concerns the nature of the seismic event itself, vulnerability and exposure relate to the characteristics and locations of structures, infrastructure, and objects that may be impacted. This combination explains Italy’s elevated seismic risk, which poses a serious threat to the country’s cultural heritage, and often results in significant human, cultural, and economic losses. The fragility of Italian buildings and infrastructure frequently exacerbates earthquake-related damage. Even low- to moderate-intensity earthquakes can have substantial effects, particularly in critical emergency facilities or cultural sites, where maintaining the integrity of equipment and objects is crucial. In museums, such damage can lead to the irreversible loss of artifacts that embody the historical memory and identity of a nation. It is within this context that the research project Monitoring and Seismic Protection of Artefacts in Museum Sites, funded by the National Operational Program for Research and Innovation (R&I) 2014–2020, was developed. Its main objective is to protect and enhance cultural heritage for future generations, while also increasing the resilience and appeal of museum environments. The research adopted both a theoretical and experimental approach. Following a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on seismic risk to cultural heritage, a prototype seismic device was developed and tested using a shaking table. The aim was to create tools and methodologies capable of assessing the vulnerability of museum exhibition setups—particularly objects placed in display cases or on pedestals—and to reduce that vulnerability through the use of seismic isolation systems. Chapter one examines Italy’s seismic risk and explores how it manifests within museum contexts, where protecting small but invaluable historical, artistic, and economic assets is vital to the broader goals of conservation. Chapter two explores the concept of cultural heritage as an intergenerational inheritance and outlines the evolution of protective policies in Italy, from the creation of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage to current legislation. Chapter three provides a historical overview of studies on the stability of rigid bodies and the phenomenon of overturning (as introduced by G.W. Housner), followed by more recent research into the vulnerability of artworks. These studies—initially carried out at institutions such as the Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles—have informed the development of techniques to mitigate risk in museums. The chapter concludes with several examples of seismic isolation solutions for artworks. Chapter four shifts the focus to the Hellenic Arc in Greece, beginning with its geomorphological characteristics. A research stay at the Technical University of Crete in Chania allowed for an examination of Greek legislation and museum practices regarding seismic protection, offering a valuable comparative perspective. Chapters five and six form the methodological core of the project. Through site inspections and environmental assessments, a framework was developed to understand the vulnerability of exhibition layouts. This process identified the risks of oscillation or overturning and led to the development of a seismic protection technology—specifically, a new seismic isolation device for small, movable museum artefacts. The process was iterative, allowing for continual refinements and technical improvements. In conclusion, although earthquakes cannot be predicted, their impact on cultural heritage can be mitigated. This research highlights the importance of extending seismic protection beyond buildings to include their valuable contents. Conservation should aim for comprehensive, inclusive protection strategies. Cultural heritage is not merely material—it represents the identity of communities. Today, more than ever, safeguarding cultural diversity is a matter of humanitarian urgency
L’Italia, similmente ad altri Paesi che si affacciano sul bacino del Mediterraneo, è esposta a un rischio sismico elevato, derivante dalla combinazione di tre fattori: pericolosità, vulnerabilità ed esposizione. Con il termine "pericolosità sismica" si intende la propensione intrinseca del territorio a generare eventi tellurici, mentre la vulnerabilità e l'esposizione si riferiscono rispettivamente alla fragilità strutturale e alla collocazione degli elementi a rischio, quali edifici, infrastrutture e beni mobili. Tale contesto pone il patrimonio edilizio e culturale della Nazione in una condizione di fragilità, esponendolo a potenziali perdite di rilevante entità, non solo in termini materiali ed economici, ma anche – e soprattutto – dal punto di vista identitario. Persino eventi sismici di bassa o moderata intensità possono provocare danni significativi, specialmente in contesti ad alta criticità, come gli edifici destinati a funzioni emergenziali, o in ambiti museali e culturali, custodi della memoria storica e artistica collettiva. In tale cornice si inserisce la ricerca intitolata “Monitoraggio e protezione sismica dei beni esposti in siti museali”, finanziata nell’ambito del Programma Operativo Nazionale Ricerca e Innovazione (PON R&I) 2014–2020. Essa si propone di individuare strumenti e metodologie per una protezione efficace ed efficiente dei beni culturali esposti, con l’intento di consegnare intatto tale patrimonio alle generazioni future, nonché accrescerne la fruibilità e il valore culturale. La metodologia adottata coniuga un approccio teorico e sperimentale. Dopo una fase preliminare di ricognizione sullo stato dell’arte in materia di rischio sismico per i beni culturali museali, è stato progettato e realizzato un prototipo di dispositivo per la loro protezione sismica, successivamente sottoposto ad una fase di testing su tavola vibrante. Le indagini, applicate in contesto museale, hanno permesso lo sviluppo di tecniche innovative di mitigazione del rischio, elaborate a partire dagli studi condotti presso il Paul Getty Museum di Los Angeles. Un’ulteriore sezione della ricerca propone una disamina dei principali interventi di isolamento sismico applicati a opere d’arte, con particolare riguardo al contesto italiano. Successivamente, viene analizzato il rischio sismico nell’Arco Ellenico, con specifico riferimento al territorio greco. Lo studio condotto presso la Technical University of Crete ha reso possibile, infatti, una sintesi della legislazione ellenica in materia di protezione sismica, nonché un’analisi dello stato dell’arte nei musei greci, evidenziando approcci scientifici e tecnici di rilievo. I capitoli centrali dell’indagine illustrano una proposta metodologica per la valutazione della vulnerabilità degli allestimenti museali, frutto di numerosi sopralluoghi e osservazioni in loco. L’intento è quello di identificare le tipologie di beni più suscettibili a fenomeni di oscillazione o ribaltamento, suggerendo una soluzione tecnologica adeguata alla loro protezione. Il lavoro si conclude con la descrizione del processo di sviluppo dell’innovativo dispositivo antisismico per la salvaguardia di beni mobili di piccole dimensioni, dall’ideazione alla prototipazione, sino alle fasi di test e ottimizzazione. L’approccio iterativo adottato ha consentito una progressiva messa a punto del sistema, garantendo coerenza tra il disegno teorico e la funzionalità pratica. Questa ricerca intende ribadire che, sebbene il sisma sia fenomeno incontrollabile, le sue conseguenze possono essere mitigate con rigore scientifico e responsabilità etica. La protezione dei beni culturali, autentici depositari dell’identità collettiva, costituisce oggi più che mai un imperativo di civiltà e una missione umanitaria. In quest’ottica, un bene culturale non si configura soltanto come un oggetto fisico, ma come un simbolo della storia, della tradizione e del pensiero di una comunità
MONITORAGGIO E PROTEZIONE SISMICA DEI BENI ESPOSTI IN SITI MUSEALI. Strategie per la valutazione della vulnerabilità e la mitigazione del rischio sismico dei beni culturali mobili in ambiente confinato
DI MARTINO, ALESSIA
2025
Abstract
Although its effects are well known, an earthquake remains an unpredictable natural event. Italy, like many Mediterranean countries, faces a high seismic risk due to the combination of three key factors: hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. While “seismic hazard” concerns the nature of the seismic event itself, vulnerability and exposure relate to the characteristics and locations of structures, infrastructure, and objects that may be impacted. This combination explains Italy’s elevated seismic risk, which poses a serious threat to the country’s cultural heritage, and often results in significant human, cultural, and economic losses. The fragility of Italian buildings and infrastructure frequently exacerbates earthquake-related damage. Even low- to moderate-intensity earthquakes can have substantial effects, particularly in critical emergency facilities or cultural sites, where maintaining the integrity of equipment and objects is crucial. In museums, such damage can lead to the irreversible loss of artifacts that embody the historical memory and identity of a nation. It is within this context that the research project Monitoring and Seismic Protection of Artefacts in Museum Sites, funded by the National Operational Program for Research and Innovation (R&I) 2014–2020, was developed. Its main objective is to protect and enhance cultural heritage for future generations, while also increasing the resilience and appeal of museum environments. The research adopted both a theoretical and experimental approach. Following a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on seismic risk to cultural heritage, a prototype seismic device was developed and tested using a shaking table. The aim was to create tools and methodologies capable of assessing the vulnerability of museum exhibition setups—particularly objects placed in display cases or on pedestals—and to reduce that vulnerability through the use of seismic isolation systems. Chapter one examines Italy’s seismic risk and explores how it manifests within museum contexts, where protecting small but invaluable historical, artistic, and economic assets is vital to the broader goals of conservation. Chapter two explores the concept of cultural heritage as an intergenerational inheritance and outlines the evolution of protective policies in Italy, from the creation of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage to current legislation. Chapter three provides a historical overview of studies on the stability of rigid bodies and the phenomenon of overturning (as introduced by G.W. Housner), followed by more recent research into the vulnerability of artworks. These studies—initially carried out at institutions such as the Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles—have informed the development of techniques to mitigate risk in museums. The chapter concludes with several examples of seismic isolation solutions for artworks. Chapter four shifts the focus to the Hellenic Arc in Greece, beginning with its geomorphological characteristics. A research stay at the Technical University of Crete in Chania allowed for an examination of Greek legislation and museum practices regarding seismic protection, offering a valuable comparative perspective. Chapters five and six form the methodological core of the project. Through site inspections and environmental assessments, a framework was developed to understand the vulnerability of exhibition layouts. This process identified the risks of oscillation or overturning and led to the development of a seismic protection technology—specifically, a new seismic isolation device for small, movable museum artefacts. The process was iterative, allowing for continual refinements and technical improvements. In conclusion, although earthquakes cannot be predicted, their impact on cultural heritage can be mitigated. This research highlights the importance of extending seismic protection beyond buildings to include their valuable contents. Conservation should aim for comprehensive, inclusive protection strategies. Cultural heritage is not merely material—it represents the identity of communities. Today, more than ever, safeguarding cultural diversity is a matter of humanitarian urgencyFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
PhD Thesis_Di Martino Alessia_XXXVII ciclo.pdf
embargo fino al 06/05/2026
Dimensione
31.9 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
31.9 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/210483
URN:NBN:IT:UNIRC-210483