This doctoral thesis, titled "Industry 4.0 and Environmental Sustainability: The Role of Digital Technologies for the Circular Economy in Manufacturing", presents the research conducted over three years at the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, under a project co-financed by the European Union through the PON R&I 2014–2020 Programme. The study investigates the intersection of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies and Circular Economy (CE) practices in addressing environmental sustainability challenges within the manufacturing sector. Amid global concerns over resource depletion, waste generation, and unsustainable linear economic models, CE has emerged as a viable solution promoting resource efficiency and waste minimization through restorative and regenerative systems. At the same time, I4.0 technologies—including the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, big data, and additive manufacturing—offer powerful tools to enable these circular practices. The thesis explores the synergy between I4.0 and CE as a pathway to sustainable growth and improved operations management in manufacturing. Despite growing interest in this field, existing research remains fragmented, lacking in confirmatory and prescriptive frameworks that could better guide implementation. To bridge this gap, the thesis emphasizes both theoretical analysis and empirical investigation, particularly focusing on the Indian manufacturing context—a region with high industrial growth potential but facing critical environmental challenges. To address this, the thesis is structured around three core research questions: RQ1: How has academic research evolved regarding CE, environmental sustainability, and I4.0, and what insights can be gained from bibliometric analysis to inform future research? RQ2: In what ways do digital technologies influence operations management processes to support environmental sustainability and circularity? RQ3: What level of adoption of circular practices is observed among Indian manufacturing companies? An interdisciplinary methodology is employed, combining both literature-oriented and practice-oriented approaches. The literature-oriented approach uses bibliometric, content, and contingency analyses to map intellectual developments, identify thematic clusters, and build a theoretical framework linking I4.0 technologies to sustainability and circularity in operations management. The practice-oriented approach applies survey research, including descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling, to assess the current state of CE adoption among Indian manufacturers. Findings reveal that although literature in this area is expanding rapidly, it remains fragmented, underscoring the need for integrated strategies. Theoretical analysis shows that digital technologies can significantly enhance OM processes, though their sustainability impact depends on strategic implementation. Empirical data suggest that large firms show greater readiness for CE, while SMEs face systemic barriers. Moreover, collaboration across supply chains and the adoption of servitized business models are found to be crucial enablers of circular practices. Overall, the thesis contributes theoretical insights and practical strategies for leveraging digital technologies to support CE and environmental sustainability in manufacturing.
Questa tesi di dottorato, intitolata “Industria 4.0 e Sostenibilità Ambientale: Il Ruolo delle Tecnologie Digitali per l’Economia Circolare nel Settore Manifatturiero”, analizza l’integrazione tra tecnologie digitali dell’Industria 4.0 (I4.0) e pratiche di Economia Circolare (EC) per promuovere la sostenibilità ambientale nel settore manifatturiero. Condotta presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Industriale dell’Università degli Studi di Brescia, nell’ambito di un progetto europeo PON Ricerca e Innovazione, la ricerca affronta le sfide del modello economico lineare, proponendo sistemi rigenerativi abilitati da strumenti come IoT, intelligenza artificiale e produzione additiva. Nonostante il potenziale sinergico tra I4.0 ed EC, permangono lacune nella comprensione della loro evoluzione congiunta e nell’applicazione pratica, specialmente in contesti emergenti come l’India, dove l’adozione di principi circolari potrebbe ottimizzare l’uso delle risorse e mitigare gli impatti ambientali. La tesi si articola attorno a tre domande di ricerca: RQ1: Come si è evoluta la ricerca accademica su EC, sostenibilità ambientale e I4.0, e quali insight possono emergere da un’analisi bibliometrica per orientare le ricerche future? RQ2: In che modo le tecnologie digitali influenzano i processi di gestione delle operations per supportare sostenibilità ambientale e circolarità? RQ3: Quale livello di adozione di pratiche circolari è osservabile tra le aziende manifatturiere indiane? La metodologia combina un approccio teorico, basato su analisi bibliometrica, revisione sistematica della letteratura e contingency analysis, con un’indagine empirica tramite survey e modellazione statistica. L’analisi bibliometrica rivela una letteratura frammentata ma in crescita, con cluster tematici che evidenziano la necessità di framework olistici per integrare tecnologie digitali, sostenibilità e gestione operativa. Il framework teorico sviluppato dimostra come IoT e produzione additiva possano ottimizzare i processi di Operations Management (OM), a patto di un impiego contestualizzato. Dal lato empirico, lo studio sulle aziende indiane evidenzia una moderata adozione di pratiche circolari: le grandi imprese mostrano maggiore preparazione, mentre le PMI affrontano barriere strutturali, come limitate competenze tecnologiche e finanziarie. Emerge inoltre il ruolo cruciale della collaborazione nella supply chain e di modelli di business servitizzati per accelerare la transizione circolare. I contributi teorici includono una mappatura completa dell’evoluzione della ricerca e un’integrazione critica tra I4.0, EC e OM, identificando tendenze e lacune per futuri studi. Sul piano manageriale, la tesi offre linee guida per investire in tecnologie digitali in ambiti strategici (approvvigionamenti, produzione, logistica inversa) e promuovere collaborazioni intersettoriali. Le raccomandazioni pratiche sostengono le aziende, specialmente in economie emergenti, nel superare ostacoli sistemici attraverso formazione, politiche incentivanti e piattaforme condivise. In conclusione, la ricerca fornisce una roadmap per bilanciare innovazione tecnologica e sostenibilità, dimostrando che l’interazione sinergica tra I4.0 ed EC, unita a strategie collaborative, può trasformare il settore manifatturiero verso modelli rigenerativi. Integrando rigore accademico e analisi empirica, la tesi sottolinea l’urgenza di approcci multidisciplinari per affrontare le sfide ambientali globali, offrendo strumenti teorici e pratici per accelerare la transizione circolare.
INDUSTRY 4.0 AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN MANUFACTURING
das, suman kumar
2025
Abstract
This doctoral thesis, titled "Industry 4.0 and Environmental Sustainability: The Role of Digital Technologies for the Circular Economy in Manufacturing", presents the research conducted over three years at the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, under a project co-financed by the European Union through the PON R&I 2014–2020 Programme. The study investigates the intersection of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies and Circular Economy (CE) practices in addressing environmental sustainability challenges within the manufacturing sector. Amid global concerns over resource depletion, waste generation, and unsustainable linear economic models, CE has emerged as a viable solution promoting resource efficiency and waste minimization through restorative and regenerative systems. At the same time, I4.0 technologies—including the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, big data, and additive manufacturing—offer powerful tools to enable these circular practices. The thesis explores the synergy between I4.0 and CE as a pathway to sustainable growth and improved operations management in manufacturing. Despite growing interest in this field, existing research remains fragmented, lacking in confirmatory and prescriptive frameworks that could better guide implementation. To bridge this gap, the thesis emphasizes both theoretical analysis and empirical investigation, particularly focusing on the Indian manufacturing context—a region with high industrial growth potential but facing critical environmental challenges. To address this, the thesis is structured around three core research questions: RQ1: How has academic research evolved regarding CE, environmental sustainability, and I4.0, and what insights can be gained from bibliometric analysis to inform future research? RQ2: In what ways do digital technologies influence operations management processes to support environmental sustainability and circularity? RQ3: What level of adoption of circular practices is observed among Indian manufacturing companies? An interdisciplinary methodology is employed, combining both literature-oriented and practice-oriented approaches. The literature-oriented approach uses bibliometric, content, and contingency analyses to map intellectual developments, identify thematic clusters, and build a theoretical framework linking I4.0 technologies to sustainability and circularity in operations management. The practice-oriented approach applies survey research, including descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling, to assess the current state of CE adoption among Indian manufacturers. Findings reveal that although literature in this area is expanding rapidly, it remains fragmented, underscoring the need for integrated strategies. Theoretical analysis shows that digital technologies can significantly enhance OM processes, though their sustainability impact depends on strategic implementation. Empirical data suggest that large firms show greater readiness for CE, while SMEs face systemic barriers. Moreover, collaboration across supply chains and the adoption of servitized business models are found to be crucial enablers of circular practices. Overall, the thesis contributes theoretical insights and practical strategies for leveraging digital technologies to support CE and environmental sustainability in manufacturing.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/210581
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-210581