The thesis focuses on the topic of the legal profession in the age of Artificial Intelligence and aims to carry out an analysis of the relationship between Artificial Intelligence and lawyers, as well as the new ways of exercising the legal profession through a brief descriptive overview of the legal tools present in the world of Legal Tech, progressively highlighting the most evident criticalities among which, above all, the impact on the deontological rules, on professional liability, on the relationship between lawyer and client and, finally, a reflection on the current adequacy of the legal training of tomorrow's lawyers in the technological society. The challenges posed by today's technological innovations seem to be incredibly difficult for the world of law to face and the path undertaken in this work is aimed at understanding whether, even in the face of such technologies, the legal profession is able to withstand the impact of change, managing to maintain its legal and social function. Inevitably, the discussion cannot but begin with a brief description of the main features of Artificial Intelligence and so-called generative Artificial Intelligence, although the expression ‘artificial intelligence’ lends itself to many different definitions, and then continues with an analysis of the different legal tools and online legal platforms present in the legal market overview, with a focus also on the different attempts to regulate the phenomenon in question at international, European and national level. The investigation is aimed at understanding the potential impact of artificial intelligence on the exercise of the legal profession, as well as at bringing to light the legal issues relating to deontological profiles and professional liability and, finally, at highlighting the problematic issues of great practical relevance, first and foremost the training of jurists in the technological society. The choice of the comparative perspective is imposed by the subject matter and is mainly based on the need for analysis and reflection centred both on a reconnaissance of the various theoretical and practical experiences present in countries with civil law and common law legal traditions that were the first to be receptive to the phenomenon under discussion and on the relative debates on the subject among the various professional orders and jurists throughout the world. This choice is also linked to the fact that reactions have been triggered in them and consequent initiatives have been taken to try to address, through different avenues, the relationship between the legal profession and Artificial Intelligence, in order to better understand the different ways in which the relevant legal issues raised by Artificial Intelligence can be addressed in the legal world. Considering then the speed at which artificial intelligence techniques evolve, it is likely that standards and guidelines will not be sufficient, mostly not strictly binding, on the part of the various professional orders, which at most may be useful for guidance and prevention purposes, but more clear-cut actions will probably be needed in the various legal systems regarding the applicability of artificial intelligence in the exercise of the legal profession and the related legal and deontological consequences for lawyers. When reference is made to the ineluctable modernisation of the legal profession, it tends to be taken for granted that socio-economic dynamics will continue unabated and that technological developments will not stop. On the contrary, it is evident that if some different global phenomenon were to materialise, the scenario could change with regressive processes that are currently unpredictable but possible. With these premises, it is still difficult to identify the practices of the profession that will have to adapt to the changing demands of users in a legal landscape that is constantly changing with the new structures that will gradually come into being. What is certain is that targeted strategies will be needed to manage the change taking place, as will be seen in the course of this work, mediating between the passive acceptance and blind resistance of the legal world, in the wake of the ancient Latin brocardo that stated ‘Tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in illis’, which means, for the legal world, being able to change as the circumstances in which it operates change. With the prudence inherent in topics that are still in the making and therefore far from certain and crystallised answers, we wanted to approach the topic under discussion and attempt to analyse it, aware of the limits that the tyranny of time imposes and without the pretense of providing packaged solutions, but rather with the desire to provide useful suggestions for a greater understanding of the topic in question. It was therefore intended to outline a reconstruction perspective of the new digital phenomenon that is emerging in the legal world, opening up a broad and, one hopes, useful legal reflection on the relationship between the legal profession and Artificial Intelligence. Within this work, it does not therefore seem unnecessary to go over, albeit briefly, some salient aspects of the evolution of the legal profession in the light of Artificial Intelligence, in order to draw some food for thought that focus on the need to rethink the role of the lawyer in approaching the new technological phenomenon in the legal field, in order to address the change of era that is taking place, both on a professional and educational level. In fact, the complexity of the scenario that is emerging and that closely affects the legal profession has brought out the need to describe slowly in the course of this work, not only what appears to be the trend of the moment in the change of the way the legal profession is carried out, but also what can be defined as a phase of creation of a new generation of lawyers, in some respects, distinct from the previous ones, for others, tendentially similar. A class formed by lawyers, who should be able to work in a new way, being able to exploit technology in their work and not be exploited by it, committed to cultivating creativity and above all aware of being called upon to play an unprecedented role in modern market dynamics. The path undertaken in the drafting of this work aims to highlight whether and in what terms technological innovation, dominated by AI, can modify not only professionalism but also the very training of the jurist, acting on both the purely practical and theoretical dimensions. This is an arduous but necessary task, right now, despite the changing state of the scenario. The reason for this can be found trivially in the fact that the territory into which the market for innovative legal services is entering is totally unexplored and the need for a compass in the hands of jurists to be able to understand where they are starting from and in which direction they may move, requires more than ever in-depth reflections and efficient and immediate answers.
Il presente lavoro si concentra sul tema della professione forense nell’era dell’Intelligenza Artificiale e si propone di svolgere un’analisi del rapporto tra Intelligenza Artificiale e professione forense, nonché delle nuove modalità di esercizio della professione stessa attraverso una breve panoramica descrittiva degli strumenti presenti nel mondo del Legal Tech, evidenziando progressivamente le criticità più evidenti fra cui, su tutte, l’impatto sulle regole deontologiche, sulla responsabilità professionale, sul rapporto tra avvocato e cliente e, da ultimo, una riflessione sull’attuale adeguatezza della formazione giuridica dei giuristi del domani nella società tecnologica. Le sfide poste oggi dalle innovazioni tecnologiche sembrano essere incredibilmente ardue da affrontare per il mondo del diritto ed il percorso intrapreso nel presente lavoro è finalizzato a comprendere se, anche di fronte a tali tecnologie, la professione forense è in grado di reggere l’urto del cambiamento, riuscendo a mantenere salda la propria funzione giuridica e sociale. Inevitabilmente, la trattazione non può che iniziare con la breve descrizione delle caratteristiche principali dell’Intelligenza Artificiale e dell’Intelligenza Artificiale c.d. generativa, benché l’espressione “intelligenza artificiale” si presti a numerose e diverse definizioni, per poi proseguire con l’analisi dei diversi legal tools e delle diverse piattaforme legali online presenti nella panoramica del mercato legale, con un focus rivolto anche ai diversi tentativi di regolazione del fenomeno in oggetto a livello internazionale, europeo e nazionale. L’indagine è volta alla comprensione della potenziale incidenza dell’intelligenza artificiale sull’esercizio della professione forense, nonché è volta a far emergere le questioni giuridiche relative ai profili deontologici e di responsabilità professionale ed, infine, ad evidenziare i rilievi problematici di grande attualità pratica, prima tra tutte la formazione dei giuristi nella società tecnologica. La scelta della prospettiva comparatistica è imposta dall’oggetto e si innesta principalmente sulla necessità di analisi e riflessione incentrata sia su una ricognizione delle diverse esperienze teoriche e pratiche presenti nei paesi di tradizione giuridica di civil law e di common law che, per primi, sono stati ricettivi del fenomeno di cui si discute sia sui relativi dibattiti presenti sul tema in oggetto tra i diversi ordini professionali e i giuristi di tutto il mondo. Tale scelta si lega altresì al fatto che in essi sono scaturite delle reazioni e sono state intraprese delle conseguenti iniziative per cercare di fronteggiare, attraverso strade diverse, il rapporto che intercorre tra professione forense e Intelligenza Artificiale, al fine di comprendere al meglio le diverse modalità con cui poter affrontare le rilevanti questioni giuridiche sollevate dall’Intelligenza Artificiale nel mondo dell’avvocatura. Considerando poi la velocità con la quale evolvono le tecniche di intelligenza artificiale, probabilmente non saranno sufficienti standard e linee guida perlopiù non strettamente vincolanti da parte dei diversi ordini professionali, che al massimo possono essere utili in un’ottica orientativa e preventiva ma, verosimilmente, nei diversi ordinamenti giuridici saranno necessarie azioni più chiare in merito all’applicabilità dell’intelligenza artificiale nell’esercizio della professione forense e alla relative conseguenze giuridiche e deontologiche in capo agli avvocati. Quando ci si riferisce all’ineluttabile modernizzazione della professione forense si tende a dare per scontato che le dinamiche socioeconomiche proseguano costanti e che le evoluzioni tecnologiche non si interrompano. Al contrario, è evidente che, se dovesse realizzarsi qualche diverso fenomeno globale, lo scenario potrebbe mutare con processi regressivi attualmente imprevedibili ma possibili. Con queste premesse resta ancora arduo individuare le pratiche della professione che dovranno adeguarsi alle mutate richieste degli utenti in un panorama giuridico in continuo cambiamento con i nuovi assetti che gradualmente si realizzeranno. Quel che è certo è che occorreranno strategie mirate per gestire il cambiamento in atto, come si vedrà nel corso del presente lavoro, mediando tra la passiva accettazione e la cieca resistenza del mondo dell’avvocatura, sulla scia dell’antico brocardo latino che affermava “Tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in illis”, il che significa, per il mondo dell’avvocatura, essere in grado di mutare al mutare delle circostanze in cui ci si trova ad operare. Con la prudenza propria dei temi ancora in fieri e pertanto lontani da risposte certe e cristallizzate, ci si è voluti avvicinare al tema oggetto di discussione e cercare di analizzarlo, consci dei limiti che la tirannia del tempo impone e senza la pretesa di fornire soluzioni confezionate, bensì con la volontà di fornire suggestioni utili per una maggiore comprensione del tema in questione. Si è inteso quindi delineare una prospettiva di ricostruzione del nuovo fenomeno digitale che sta nascendo nel mondo giuridico, aprendo ad un’ampia e, si auspica, utile, riflessione giuridica sul rapporto tra professione forense ed Intelligenza Artificiale. All’interno del lavoro, non sembra allora inutile ripercorrere, sia pure per brevi cenni, alcuni aspetti salienti dell’evoluzione della professione forense alla luce dell’Intelligenza Artificiale, per trarre alcuni spunti di riflessione che fanno leva sulla necessità di ripensare il ruolo dell’avvocato nell’approccio al nuovo fenomeno tecnologico in campo giuridico, al fine di affrontare il cambiamento d’epoca che si sta attraversando, così sul piano professionale come su quello formativo. Difatti, la complessità dello scenario che si sta delineando e che interessa da vicino la professione forense ha fatto emergere la necessità di descrivere pian piano nel corso di questo lavoro, non solo quella che appare essere come la tendenza del momento nel cambiamento delle modalità di svolgimento della professione forense, ma anche quella che si può definire come una fase di creazione di una nuova generazione di giuristi, per alcuni versi, distinta da quelle precedenti, per altri, tendenzialmente simile. Una classe formata da avvocati, che dovrebbero essere capaci di lavorare in modo nuovo, essendo in grado di sfruttare la tecnologia nella propria attività lavorativa e non di farsi sfruttare da essa, impegnata a coltivare la creatività e soprattutto consapevole di essere chiamata a giocare un ruolo inedito nelle moderne dinamiche di mercato. Il percorso intrapreso nella stesura di tale lavoro mira ad evidenziare se e in quali termini l’innovazione tecnologica, dominata dall’IA, possa modificare non solo la professionalità ma anche la formazione stessa del giurista, agendo sia sulla dimensione prettamente pratica sia su quella teorica. Si tratta di un lavoro arduo ma necessario, proprio in questo momento, nonostante la mutevole condizione dello scenario in cui si colloca. Il perché si rinviene banalmente nel fatto che il territorio in cui il mercato di servizi legali innovativi si sta addentrando è totalmente inesplorato e il bisogno di una bussola in mano ai giuristi per riuscire a capire da dove si parte e in che direzione ci si potrà muovere, necessita quanto mai di riflessioni approfondite e di risposte efficienti ed immediate.
LA PROFESSIONE FORENSE NELL’ERA DELL’INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE. UN PERCORSO DI COMPARAZIONE GIURIDICA.
COMBERIATI, CHIARA
2025
Abstract
The thesis focuses on the topic of the legal profession in the age of Artificial Intelligence and aims to carry out an analysis of the relationship between Artificial Intelligence and lawyers, as well as the new ways of exercising the legal profession through a brief descriptive overview of the legal tools present in the world of Legal Tech, progressively highlighting the most evident criticalities among which, above all, the impact on the deontological rules, on professional liability, on the relationship between lawyer and client and, finally, a reflection on the current adequacy of the legal training of tomorrow's lawyers in the technological society. The challenges posed by today's technological innovations seem to be incredibly difficult for the world of law to face and the path undertaken in this work is aimed at understanding whether, even in the face of such technologies, the legal profession is able to withstand the impact of change, managing to maintain its legal and social function. Inevitably, the discussion cannot but begin with a brief description of the main features of Artificial Intelligence and so-called generative Artificial Intelligence, although the expression ‘artificial intelligence’ lends itself to many different definitions, and then continues with an analysis of the different legal tools and online legal platforms present in the legal market overview, with a focus also on the different attempts to regulate the phenomenon in question at international, European and national level. The investigation is aimed at understanding the potential impact of artificial intelligence on the exercise of the legal profession, as well as at bringing to light the legal issues relating to deontological profiles and professional liability and, finally, at highlighting the problematic issues of great practical relevance, first and foremost the training of jurists in the technological society. The choice of the comparative perspective is imposed by the subject matter and is mainly based on the need for analysis and reflection centred both on a reconnaissance of the various theoretical and practical experiences present in countries with civil law and common law legal traditions that were the first to be receptive to the phenomenon under discussion and on the relative debates on the subject among the various professional orders and jurists throughout the world. This choice is also linked to the fact that reactions have been triggered in them and consequent initiatives have been taken to try to address, through different avenues, the relationship between the legal profession and Artificial Intelligence, in order to better understand the different ways in which the relevant legal issues raised by Artificial Intelligence can be addressed in the legal world. Considering then the speed at which artificial intelligence techniques evolve, it is likely that standards and guidelines will not be sufficient, mostly not strictly binding, on the part of the various professional orders, which at most may be useful for guidance and prevention purposes, but more clear-cut actions will probably be needed in the various legal systems regarding the applicability of artificial intelligence in the exercise of the legal profession and the related legal and deontological consequences for lawyers. When reference is made to the ineluctable modernisation of the legal profession, it tends to be taken for granted that socio-economic dynamics will continue unabated and that technological developments will not stop. On the contrary, it is evident that if some different global phenomenon were to materialise, the scenario could change with regressive processes that are currently unpredictable but possible. With these premises, it is still difficult to identify the practices of the profession that will have to adapt to the changing demands of users in a legal landscape that is constantly changing with the new structures that will gradually come into being. What is certain is that targeted strategies will be needed to manage the change taking place, as will be seen in the course of this work, mediating between the passive acceptance and blind resistance of the legal world, in the wake of the ancient Latin brocardo that stated ‘Tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in illis’, which means, for the legal world, being able to change as the circumstances in which it operates change. With the prudence inherent in topics that are still in the making and therefore far from certain and crystallised answers, we wanted to approach the topic under discussion and attempt to analyse it, aware of the limits that the tyranny of time imposes and without the pretense of providing packaged solutions, but rather with the desire to provide useful suggestions for a greater understanding of the topic in question. It was therefore intended to outline a reconstruction perspective of the new digital phenomenon that is emerging in the legal world, opening up a broad and, one hopes, useful legal reflection on the relationship between the legal profession and Artificial Intelligence. Within this work, it does not therefore seem unnecessary to go over, albeit briefly, some salient aspects of the evolution of the legal profession in the light of Artificial Intelligence, in order to draw some food for thought that focus on the need to rethink the role of the lawyer in approaching the new technological phenomenon in the legal field, in order to address the change of era that is taking place, both on a professional and educational level. In fact, the complexity of the scenario that is emerging and that closely affects the legal profession has brought out the need to describe slowly in the course of this work, not only what appears to be the trend of the moment in the change of the way the legal profession is carried out, but also what can be defined as a phase of creation of a new generation of lawyers, in some respects, distinct from the previous ones, for others, tendentially similar. A class formed by lawyers, who should be able to work in a new way, being able to exploit technology in their work and not be exploited by it, committed to cultivating creativity and above all aware of being called upon to play an unprecedented role in modern market dynamics. The path undertaken in the drafting of this work aims to highlight whether and in what terms technological innovation, dominated by AI, can modify not only professionalism but also the very training of the jurist, acting on both the purely practical and theoretical dimensions. This is an arduous but necessary task, right now, despite the changing state of the scenario. The reason for this can be found trivially in the fact that the territory into which the market for innovative legal services is entering is totally unexplored and the need for a compass in the hands of jurists to be able to understand where they are starting from and in which direction they may move, requires more than ever in-depth reflections and efficient and immediate answers.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/210866
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-210866