Anthropomorphic technologies in bioengineering: relationship between form and function in prosthetics and humanoid robotics

This PhD project focuses on the interplay between anthropomorphic technologies and bioengineering, specifically in humanoid robotics and prosthetics. The main objective was to explore how anthropomorphic forms influence the functionality and user acceptance of robotic systems and prosthetic devices, addressing challenges such as usability, emotional connection, and psychological impact. This study aimed to develop systems that enhance user interaction, physical rehabilitation, and quality of life for diverse populations, including older adults, children, and persons with missing limbs. Furthermore, the work sought to identify specific design principles that maximize the utility and emotional resonance of these technologies, ensuring their applicability across various cultural and demographic contexts. The research employed a multidisciplinary methodology combining design engineering, clinical testing, and user-centric evaluations. Key methods included robotic platforms based on humanoid robots like Pepper and Nao for guided physical exercises, integrating external video monitoring technologies, and employing qualitative assessments to measure engagement and effectiveness. For prosthetics, 3D printing technology was utilized to create personalized, cost-effective designs tailored to individual needs. Extensive experimental setups were conducted in collaboration with medical professionals, involving real-world scenarios to validate the usability and effectiveness of these systems. Data were gathered through controlled experiments, participant feedback, and performance metrics analyzed using advanced statistical techniques and qualitative tools. Comparative analyses were also conducted to benchmark these technologies against traditional approaches, providing a robust evaluation framework. The study achieved several significant outcomes. First, a humanoid robotic platform was successfully developed to assist older adults in performing physical activities, demonstrating improved engagement and exercise adherence. The integration of external monitoring tools ensured accurate feedback and personalized guidance, leading to measurable improvements in physical health metrics. For children, humanoid robots like NAO facilitated therapeutic and educational interventions, particularly for those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), enhancing social and cognitive skills through structured interaction protocols for older adults. v In prosthetics, 3D-printed devices were shown to provide functional and aesthetic solutions at a fraction of the cost of traditional methods, with customization capabilities that addressed both physical and psychological needs. These results collectively highlight the transformative potential of anthropomorphic technologies in addressing a broad spectrum of human challenges. Overall, the research demonstrated that anthropomorphic features in technology significantly enhance user acceptance, emotional connection, and practical utility across diverse applications. It has been demonstrated that a humanoid robot is preferable to a non-anthropomorphic one or a video because it offers greater interaction and versatility. Humanoids can replicate human behaviours, making communication more natural through facial expressions, realistic movements, and dynamic responses. Unlike a video, which is static and non-interactive, or a limited anthropomorphic robot, humanoids are designed to operate in human environments and actively interact with people. Additionally, they have a more engaging psychological impact, fostering empathy and supporting learning. This makes them ideal for applications in education, assistance, and entertainment, where realistic and multifunctional interaction is essential. For sports devices, functionality is essential to perform a specific sporting activity, and therefore, in this case, the anthropomorphic shape held little or no importance. In the case of pediatric prostheses, the anthropomorphic shape was maintained; however, no child ever requested a cosmetic hand replicating the controlateral one. Instead, they preferred it to be as flamboyant as possible to appear as "superheroes" in front of their peers. The findings underscore the potential of the proposed technologies to revolutionize rehabilitation and assistive devices. The robotic systems developed in this work offer scalable solutions for addressing physical and psychological challenges in healthcare settings. The research also identified key factors that contribute to the success of these systems, such as user-centered design, cultural adaptability, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Future applications include broader integration of humanoid robots in therapeutic environments, the development of more advanced prosthetic models using emerging materials, and leveraging artificial intelligence to further personalize interactions. Additionally, the study opens pathways for using these technologies in educational and social contexts, fostering inclusive practices and bridging gaps in accessibility. These advancements could contribute to inclusive and accessible healthcare and educational systems worldwide, promoting equity and quality of life for diverse populations.