The study investigates the green transition of Italian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), focusing on the distributional, social, and gender-related impacts. It contributes to the academic discourse on the green economy by drawing on theoretical frameworks from literature on territorial innovation systems (Bagnasco, 1977; Becattini, 2000; Burroni and Trigilia, 2011), sectoral innovation systems (Malerba and Orsenigo, 1997), and local development (Trigilia, 2005). This analysis is within the broader context of international research on transition governance (Meadowcroft, 2007) and the complex relationship between ecological transitions, capitalism, and resultant inequalities (Mazzucato, 2013; Piketty, 2014; Atkinson, 2015). Although socio-technical perspectives (Geels, 2005) dominate the study of ecological transitions, they often inadequately consider the influence of context-specific factors and the agency of local actors on the uneven distribution of innovation’s consequences, especially concerning gender. Empirical research on SMEs, particularly in the rubber industry, is limited, highlighting a gap this study aims to fill. The study is structured around four research goals: 1) To analyze the ecological transition of SMEs, considering whether and why it differs from that of larger companies 2) To investigate how context and agencies influence ecological transition governance and its impact on SMEs’ eco-innovation adoption 3)To assess the relationship between different models of governance and unequal distributional impacts, incorporating a gender lens 4) Empirical data informs recommendations for future research and policy, designed to support public institutions and sectoral stakeholders in creating more inclusive and effective green transitions. We used a qualitative, micro-level approach to avoid misrepresenting the complexities of the ecological transition (Piketty, 2014). The research design unfolds in multiple phases. It begins by reviewing existing literature and analyzing secondary data to develop the study’s conceptual framework and research questions. Opening chapters set the Italian case within a global context by analyzing its governance and public policy approaches to the green transition. Semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in trade unions, institutional bodies, and intermediary organizations inform the study’s exploration of national-level impacts. The findings reveal a dotted transition, as the concentration of eco-innovation is linked to resource availability and varies significantly across different sectors and geographical locations. These inequalities lead to a “low pathway” transition, where environmental improvements are made without corresponding improvements in job quality or reductions in social and gender inequality. The second phase of the research offers a comparative analysis of two territorial SME systems specialising in rubber manufacturing. This sector was selected because of its paradoxical 6 characteristics: significant environmental impact and crucial role in supporting economically and socially vital supply chains. Two areas were selected as case studies because of their significance: the Sebino Bergamasco district and the Metropolitan City of Turin. The fieldwork involved in-depth qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, including local government, trade unions, SMEs, and relevant public and private intermediaries. The study shows that the quality of regional governance significantly influences both the eco-innovation capabilities of SMEs and the fair distribution of the positive impacts of the transition, even within similar industries. The Sebino district—characterised by dense, cohesive, and cooperative local networks (Bagnasco, 1977; Becattini, 2000)—emerges as particularly well-suited to supporting sectoral eco-innovation (Malerba and Orsenigo, 1997), successfully combining economic competitiveness, environmental protection, and social well-being. In this context, the benefits of transition are more equitably distributed among firms and local communities. The local networks of SMEs in Turin are characterized by fragmentation and hierarchical structures, with substantial dominance exerted by larger firms. Weak coordination, limited dialogue with public authorities, and one-size-fits-all interventions reinforce existing inequalities between f irms and their workers, based on the varying resources at their disposal. The case studies converge on a shared limitation—the omission of gender impact assessments in ecological transition initiatives. Following Mazzucato (2013) and Piketty (2014), without corrective mechanisms, innovation may increase gender inequalities. This field requires further academic investigation. Conclusions present a ten-point summary outlining potential interventions designed to reform the green transition as a vehicle for reforming the prevailing capitalist model, mitigating the risk of reinforcing existing environmental, social, and economic imbalances.
La tesi esplora la transizione ecologica delle piccole e medie imprese (PMI) italiane, con un focus specifico sugli impatti distributivi, sociali e di genere generati da questi processi di cambiamento. Lo studio si inserisce nel dibattito accademico sulla green economy, adottando come riferimenti teorici la letteratura sui sistemi di innovazione territoriali (Bagnasco, 1977; Becattini, 2000; Burroni e Trigilia, 2011), settoriali (Malerba e Orsenigo, 1997) e sullo sviluppo locale (Trigilia, 2005), rapportandola a quella internazionale sulla governance delle transizioni (Meadowcroft, 2007) e sul rapporto tra queste, sistemi capitalistici e impatti sulle disuguaglianze (Mazzucato, 2013; Piketty, 2014; Atkinson, 2015). La transizione ecologica è affrontata soprattutto attraverso approcci socio-tecnici (Geels, 2005), che tendono a trascurare come particolari condizioni di contesto e l’agency degli attori possano influire sui livelli di disuguaglianze (anche in una lente di genere) prodotte dalle innovazioni. Considerando poi gli studi empirici- di carattere industriale (in particolare sul settore gomma) e riferiti alle PMI- questi rimangono limitati o assenti, evidenziando un'importante lacuna che questa ricerca si propone di colmare. La tesi si struttura attorno a quattro obiettivi principali: 1) analizzare se, e per quali motivi, la transizione ecologica delle PMI rappresenti un processo di innovazione differente rispetto a quello delle imprese più strutturate 2) considerare come particolari fattori di contesto e di agency, che formano la governance della transizione ecologica, influenzino le capacità delle PMI di assorbire le eco-innovazioni 3) valutare se e in che modo a differenti modelli di governance corrispondano impatti distributivi più o meno polarizzanti- anche attraverso una prospettiva di genere 4) elaborare sulla base delle evidenze raccolte suggerimenti per la ricerca futura e di policy utili ai decisori pubblici e agli operatori di settore per migliorare e rendere più inclusivi i processi di transizione La scelta di condurre un’indagine empirica sul piano micro, adottando tecniche qualitative, ha lo scopo di produrre un’approssimazione non deformante (Piketty, 2014) di un fenomeno macro e complesso come la transizione ecologica. Il disegno della ricerca si articola in diverse fasi. La prima si basa sull’analisi dello stato dell’arte e di dati secondari per inquadrare l’oggetto di studio, sviluppare le domande di ricerca e il frame teorico di riferimento. I primi capitoli presentano il contesto italiano in relazione allo scenario internazionale, e ne analizzano il modello di governance e le scelte di politica pubblica sulla transizione ecologica. Le implicazioni per la transizione verde sono state discusse attraverso interviste semistrutturate a testimoni privilegiati delle parti sociali, delle istituzioni e attori intermedi di livello nazionale. I risultati evidenziano la presenza di processi di transizione puntiformi, ossia di livelli di eco-innovazione differenziati a livello subnazionale (fra settori e territori), con una tendenza ad accumularsi in contesti e attori a maggiore intensità di risorse. Questi squilibri generano inoltre una via bassa alla transizione dato che i cambiamenti si configurano come un ammodernamento o 4 efficientamento del tessuto produttivo, disaccoppiato dalla crescita della qualità del lavoro o dalla riduzione delle disuguaglianze sociali e di genere. La seconda fase del lavoro esamina in una prospettiva comparata due sistemi territoriali PMI specializzati nelle produzioni in gomma. La scelta del settore consente di valutare i potenziali trade-off della transizione verde: queste attività hanno un elevato impatto ambientale e, al contempo, sono essenziali per la sostenibilità di numerose filiere strategiche sotto il profilo economico e sociale. In ragione della rispettiva significatività, le aree selezionate per gli studi di caso sono il distretto del Sebino Bergamasco e la Città Metropolitana di Torino. La ricerca sul campo ha coinvolto in interviste qualitative in profondità per ciascun caso: pubbliche amministrazioni, parti sociali, imprese e intermediari (pubblici e privati) ritenuti rilevanti. La comparazione dei risultati degli studi di caso mostra come- a parità di settore- la qualità della governance territoriale influenzi sia le capacità di eco-innovare delle PMI sia gli impatti distributivi di questi processi. Le reti specializzate, cooperative e coese che caratterizzano il distretto del Sebino si confermano (Bagnasco,1977; Becattini, 2000) più adatte a sostenere le eco-innovazione settoriali (Malerba e Orsenigo, 1997) coniugando competitività economica, tutela degli ecosistemi e benessere sociale. I benefici dei cambiamenti si distribuiscono dunque in modo omogeneo fra imprese e comunità locali. Le PMI Torinesi, invece, scontano la presenza di reti locali più gerarchiche e frammentate- dominate dalle grandi imprese locali. Gli interventi generici e le scarse opportunità di dialogo con le pubbliche amministrazioni ricalcano gli squilibri esistenti fra imprese e i rispettivi dipendenti, a seconda delle risorse a loro disposizione. Entrambi gli studi di caso sono accomunati dall’assenza di valutazioni sugli impatti di genere degli interventi di transizione ecologica: seguendo gli studi (Mazzucato, 2013; Piketty, 2014) senza correzioni delle tendenze di mercato è probabile che le innovazioni rafforzino le disuguaglianze esistenti. Il tema in ogni caso merita successivi approfondimenti di ricerca. Il lavoro si conclude con una riflessione articolata in dieci punti sui possibili interventi per declinare la transizione verde in un’opportunità di miglioramento del sistema capitalistico attuale, evitando che rafforzi gli squilibri- ambientali, sociali ed economici- che si propone di risolvere.
Le PMI alla prova della green economy: impatti sociali e inclusione di genere
ERRICO, ELISA
2025
Abstract
The study investigates the green transition of Italian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), focusing on the distributional, social, and gender-related impacts. It contributes to the academic discourse on the green economy by drawing on theoretical frameworks from literature on territorial innovation systems (Bagnasco, 1977; Becattini, 2000; Burroni and Trigilia, 2011), sectoral innovation systems (Malerba and Orsenigo, 1997), and local development (Trigilia, 2005). This analysis is within the broader context of international research on transition governance (Meadowcroft, 2007) and the complex relationship between ecological transitions, capitalism, and resultant inequalities (Mazzucato, 2013; Piketty, 2014; Atkinson, 2015). Although socio-technical perspectives (Geels, 2005) dominate the study of ecological transitions, they often inadequately consider the influence of context-specific factors and the agency of local actors on the uneven distribution of innovation’s consequences, especially concerning gender. Empirical research on SMEs, particularly in the rubber industry, is limited, highlighting a gap this study aims to fill. The study is structured around four research goals: 1) To analyze the ecological transition of SMEs, considering whether and why it differs from that of larger companies 2) To investigate how context and agencies influence ecological transition governance and its impact on SMEs’ eco-innovation adoption 3)To assess the relationship between different models of governance and unequal distributional impacts, incorporating a gender lens 4) Empirical data informs recommendations for future research and policy, designed to support public institutions and sectoral stakeholders in creating more inclusive and effective green transitions. We used a qualitative, micro-level approach to avoid misrepresenting the complexities of the ecological transition (Piketty, 2014). The research design unfolds in multiple phases. It begins by reviewing existing literature and analyzing secondary data to develop the study’s conceptual framework and research questions. Opening chapters set the Italian case within a global context by analyzing its governance and public policy approaches to the green transition. Semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in trade unions, institutional bodies, and intermediary organizations inform the study’s exploration of national-level impacts. The findings reveal a dotted transition, as the concentration of eco-innovation is linked to resource availability and varies significantly across different sectors and geographical locations. These inequalities lead to a “low pathway” transition, where environmental improvements are made without corresponding improvements in job quality or reductions in social and gender inequality. The second phase of the research offers a comparative analysis of two territorial SME systems specialising in rubber manufacturing. This sector was selected because of its paradoxical 6 characteristics: significant environmental impact and crucial role in supporting economically and socially vital supply chains. Two areas were selected as case studies because of their significance: the Sebino Bergamasco district and the Metropolitan City of Turin. The fieldwork involved in-depth qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, including local government, trade unions, SMEs, and relevant public and private intermediaries. The study shows that the quality of regional governance significantly influences both the eco-innovation capabilities of SMEs and the fair distribution of the positive impacts of the transition, even within similar industries. The Sebino district—characterised by dense, cohesive, and cooperative local networks (Bagnasco, 1977; Becattini, 2000)—emerges as particularly well-suited to supporting sectoral eco-innovation (Malerba and Orsenigo, 1997), successfully combining economic competitiveness, environmental protection, and social well-being. In this context, the benefits of transition are more equitably distributed among firms and local communities. The local networks of SMEs in Turin are characterized by fragmentation and hierarchical structures, with substantial dominance exerted by larger firms. Weak coordination, limited dialogue with public authorities, and one-size-fits-all interventions reinforce existing inequalities between f irms and their workers, based on the varying resources at their disposal. The case studies converge on a shared limitation—the omission of gender impact assessments in ecological transition initiatives. Following Mazzucato (2013) and Piketty (2014), without corrective mechanisms, innovation may increase gender inequalities. This field requires further academic investigation. Conclusions present a ten-point summary outlining potential interventions designed to reform the green transition as a vehicle for reforming the prevailing capitalist model, mitigating the risk of reinforcing existing environmental, social, and economic imbalances.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/211280
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-211280