The exponential increase in the number of objects in orbit around Earth presents new challenges in terms of monitoring and mitigation. Orbital overcrowding raises the likelihood of collisions between active satellites and non-cooperative objects, known as space debris, with potentially catastrophic consequences. In this complex scenario, the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) program has been established with the aim of identifying and characterizing space objects and their operational environment, ensuring safe, stable, and sustainable space activities. Within this program, the Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) service plays a crucial role in monitoring and tracking space objects, providing accurate data on their orbits and their physical and dynamic characteristics. One of the most widely used methods to mitigate the problem of space debris, particularly in geostationary orbit, is SST tracking through ground-based optical stations. Typically, optical SST operations rely on a telescope, a mount, and an optical sensor. However, an alternative approach involves the use of commercial digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras mounted on fixed tripods. This study focuses on the development of a new optical system based on this configuration, specifically designed for SST activities in geostationary orbit: the SURGE system. The main objective is to evaluate its performance from both astrometric and photometric perspectives. In addition to the advantages offered by SURGE, such as a wide field of view, the ability to simultaneously observe multiple objects, and the acquisition of multi-wavelength (RGB) images, several disadvantages must also be addressed. These drawbacks, including lens distortion, electronic noise, low quantum efficiency, and timing synchronization difficulties, have been analyzed and mitigated in order to meet the accuracy requirements demanded by SST services, thereby demonstrating the validity of SURGE as an optical support system within the SSA/SST framework.
L'aumento esponenziale del numero di oggetti in orbita attorno alla Terra pone nuove sfide dal punto di vista del monitoraggio e della mitigazione. Il sovraffollamento delle orbite aumenta la probabilità di collisioni tra satelliti attivi e oggetti non cooperativi, noti come detriti spaziali, con conseguenze potenzialmente catastrofiche. In questo complesso scenario, è stato istituito il programma Space Situational Awareness (SSA) con l'obiettivo di identificare e caratterizzare gli oggetti spaziali e il loro ambiente operativo, garantendo attività spaziali sicure, stabili e sostenibili. All'interno di questo programma, il servizio Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) svolge un ruolo cruciale nel monitoraggio e nel tracciamento degli oggetti spaziali, fornendo dati precisi sulle loro orbite e sulle loro caratteristiche fisiche e dinamiche. Uno dei metodi più utilizzati per mitigare il problema dei detriti spaziali, in particolare nell’orbita geostazionaria, è il tracciamento SST tramite stazioni ottiche a terra. Tipicamente, le operazioni ottiche SST si basano su un telescopio, una montatura e un sensore ottico. Tuttavia, un approccio alternativo prevede l'uso di fotocamere reflex digitali (DSLR) commerciali montate su treppiedi fissi. Questo studio si concentra sullo sviluppo di un nuovo sistema ottico basato su questa configurazione, progettato specificamente per attività SST nell'orbita geostazionaria: il sistema SURGE. L'obiettivo principale è valutarne le prestazioni sia dal punto di vista astrometrico che fotometrico. Oltre ai vantaggi offerti da SURGE, come un ampio campo visivo, la possibilità di osservare simultaneamente più oggetti e l'acquisizione di immagini in più lunghezze d'onda (RGB), devono essere affrontate diversi svantaggi. Tali svantaggi, quali la distorsione delle lenti, il rumore elettronico, la bassa efficienza quantica e le difficoltà di sincronizzazione temporale, sono stati analizzati e mitigati al fine di soddisfare i requisiti di accuratezza richiesti dai servizi SST dimostrando la validità di SURGE come supporto ottico all'interno del quadro delle attività SSA/SST
Innovative space debris surveillance systems for circumterrestrial space sustainability and space traffic management
ZARCONE, GAETANO
2025
Abstract
The exponential increase in the number of objects in orbit around Earth presents new challenges in terms of monitoring and mitigation. Orbital overcrowding raises the likelihood of collisions between active satellites and non-cooperative objects, known as space debris, with potentially catastrophic consequences. In this complex scenario, the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) program has been established with the aim of identifying and characterizing space objects and their operational environment, ensuring safe, stable, and sustainable space activities. Within this program, the Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) service plays a crucial role in monitoring and tracking space objects, providing accurate data on their orbits and their physical and dynamic characteristics. One of the most widely used methods to mitigate the problem of space debris, particularly in geostationary orbit, is SST tracking through ground-based optical stations. Typically, optical SST operations rely on a telescope, a mount, and an optical sensor. However, an alternative approach involves the use of commercial digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras mounted on fixed tripods. This study focuses on the development of a new optical system based on this configuration, specifically designed for SST activities in geostationary orbit: the SURGE system. The main objective is to evaluate its performance from both astrometric and photometric perspectives. In addition to the advantages offered by SURGE, such as a wide field of view, the ability to simultaneously observe multiple objects, and the acquisition of multi-wavelength (RGB) images, several disadvantages must also be addressed. These drawbacks, including lens distortion, electronic noise, low quantum efficiency, and timing synchronization difficulties, have been analyzed and mitigated in order to meet the accuracy requirements demanded by SST services, thereby demonstrating the validity of SURGE as an optical support system within the SSA/SST framework.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/211284
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-211284