This dissertation begins examining the issue of the admissibility of compliance proceedings and aims to propose a theoretical reconstruction of the relationship between cognition and execution in administrative legitimacy process. To this end, it explores, from both a historical and evolutionary perspective, the challenges faced by claimants who prevailed in cognition judgments in accessing the substantive protection guaranteed by the judicial extension of compliance proceedings to judgments issued by administrative courts. The issue remains delicate today, with contemporary jurisprudence tending to deem compliance proceedings admissible only when a judgment imposes obligations so specific as to almost entirely eliminate administrative discretion. Conversely, in cases involving the re-exercise of discretionary powers, the only remedy often considered available is that of a second ordinary appeal for legitimacy review. Given the protective gap that such an approach risks creating, scholars have proposed numerous alternative theoretical reconstructions, including the conception of administrative judgments as condemnatory judgments or the identification of normative elements within the legal framework to establish a system of preclusions against the re-exercise of power. Jurisprudence has sought to address this issue through the principle of the so-called "tempered one-shot rule," asserting that, following an initial annulment in a legitimacy review, the administration retains only one additional opportunity to re-exercise its powers before its discretion is deemed exhausted. The legislature, which partially adopted a preclusion system with the reform of Article 10-bis of Law No. 241/1990, appears to have provided significant guidance with Article 34, paragraph 1, letter e) of the Code of Administrative Procedure, which states that the cognition judge may adopt measures necessary to ensure compliance with the judgment. The provision under examination, considering its judicial applications, appears to lend itself to a dual interpretation. Under a stricter interpretation, the provision would support the early assignment of a deadline and the appointment of a court-appointed commissioner immediately following the cognition judgment, whereby the commissioner's appointment would automatically transition the entire dispute to the execution jurisdiction. Under a broader interpretation, the provision enables the administrative judge to explicitly set out the binding effects—namely, the obligations imposed on the administration following the annulment of the administrative act—directly within the cognition judgment. More precise articulation of these obligations clarifies the binding content of the judgment, enabling any noncompliance to be addressed in compliance proceedings, albeit through a subsequent appeal. After examining these issues, the research concludes by retracing the steps leading to the definition of the relationship between cognition and execution, beginning with the meaning of the judicial claim in administrative proceedings, moving through the subject matter of the judgment, and ending with the nature of administrative legitimacy judgments. The theoretical reconstruction of these aspects is crucial to understanding the form of protection suitable for safeguarding the position of the victorious claimant at the conclusion of administrative legitimacy proceedings.
La tesi muove dal problema dell’ammissibilità del giudizio d’ottemperanza per giungere a proporre una ricostruzione teorica dei rapporti tra cognizione ed esecuzione nel processo amministrativo di legittimità. A tal fine, viene ricostruita, anche in un’ottica storica ed evolutiva, la problematica dell’accesso del ricorrente, risultato vittorioso nel giudizio di cognizione, alla tutela di merito garantita a far tempo dall’estensione pretoria del giudizio d’ottemperanza alle sentenze del giudice amministrativo. Il problema è ancora oggi delicato e si registra, anche nella giurisprudenza contemporanea, una tendenza a ritenere ammissibile il giudizio d’ottemperanza soltanto quando dalla sentenza derivi un vincolo talmente puntuale da escludere quasi del tutto la discrezionalità amministrativa. Viceversa, nel caso di riesercizio di poteri discrezionali, l’unico rimedio consentito è spesso ritenuto essere quello di un secondo ricorso ordinario in sede di legittimità. A fronte del vuoto di tutela che una simile impostazione rischia di generare, la dottrina ha proposto numerose ricostruzioni teoriche alternative, che propongono di concepire la sentenza amministrativa come una sentenza di condanna, oppure che ricercano nell’ordinamento elementi normativi su cui fondare un sistema di preclusioni al riesercizio del potere. La giurisprudenza, dal canto suo, ha individuato una soluzione nel principio del c.d. “one shot” temperato, affermando che, in seguito a un primo annullamento in sede di legittimità, all’amministrazione residuerebbe una sola ulteriore possibilità di rieffusione del potere, prima che la discrezionalità possa considerarsi esaurita. Il legislatore, cha ha in parte accolto un sistema di preclusioni con la riforma dell’art. 10-bis, L. n. 241/1990, sembra invece aver dato un’importante indicazione con l’art. 34, comma 1, lett. e) del codice del processo amministrativo, laddove dispone che il giudice della cognizione possa adottare le misure idonee ad assicurare l’attuazione del giudicato. La norma in esame, viste anche le applicazioni che ne sono state fatte in giurisprudenza, sembra prestarsi a un’applicazione duplice. Secondo un’interpretazione più rigorosa, la disposizione sarebbe idonea a fondare l’anticipazione dell’assegnazione di un termine e della nomina del commissario ad acta direttamente all’esito del giudizio di cognizione: in questo caso, l’insediamento del commissario determinerebbe automaticamente la transizione dell’intera controversia alla giurisdizione esecutiva. Secondo un’interpretazione più ampia, invece, la norma consente al giudice amministrativo di esplicitare gli effetti ordinatori, cioè i vincoli che derivano per l’amministrazione dall’annullamento dell’atto amministrativo, direttamente nella sentenza di cognizione. La più precisa enucleazione di tali vincoli consente l’individuazione chiara del contenuto conformativo della sentenza e, quindi, il relativo inadempimento può esser fatto valere in sede d’ottemperanza, seppure mediante un ricorso ulteriore. Esaminate tali problematiche, la ricerca si conclude ripercorrendo le tappe che portano alla definizione del rapporto tra cognizione ed esecuzione, partendo dal significato della domanda giudiziale nel processo amministrativo, transitando per l’oggetto del giudizio e terminando con la natura della sentenza amministrativa di legittimità. La ricostruzione teorica di tali profili è infatti fondamentale per comprendere la forma di tutela idonea a garantire la posizione del ricorrente vittorioso all’esito del processo amministrativo di legittimità.
La tutela esecutiva tra cognizione ed esecuzione nel processo amministrativo di legittimità
TORNIELLI, TOMMASO
2025
Abstract
This dissertation begins examining the issue of the admissibility of compliance proceedings and aims to propose a theoretical reconstruction of the relationship between cognition and execution in administrative legitimacy process. To this end, it explores, from both a historical and evolutionary perspective, the challenges faced by claimants who prevailed in cognition judgments in accessing the substantive protection guaranteed by the judicial extension of compliance proceedings to judgments issued by administrative courts. The issue remains delicate today, with contemporary jurisprudence tending to deem compliance proceedings admissible only when a judgment imposes obligations so specific as to almost entirely eliminate administrative discretion. Conversely, in cases involving the re-exercise of discretionary powers, the only remedy often considered available is that of a second ordinary appeal for legitimacy review. Given the protective gap that such an approach risks creating, scholars have proposed numerous alternative theoretical reconstructions, including the conception of administrative judgments as condemnatory judgments or the identification of normative elements within the legal framework to establish a system of preclusions against the re-exercise of power. Jurisprudence has sought to address this issue through the principle of the so-called "tempered one-shot rule," asserting that, following an initial annulment in a legitimacy review, the administration retains only one additional opportunity to re-exercise its powers before its discretion is deemed exhausted. The legislature, which partially adopted a preclusion system with the reform of Article 10-bis of Law No. 241/1990, appears to have provided significant guidance with Article 34, paragraph 1, letter e) of the Code of Administrative Procedure, which states that the cognition judge may adopt measures necessary to ensure compliance with the judgment. The provision under examination, considering its judicial applications, appears to lend itself to a dual interpretation. Under a stricter interpretation, the provision would support the early assignment of a deadline and the appointment of a court-appointed commissioner immediately following the cognition judgment, whereby the commissioner's appointment would automatically transition the entire dispute to the execution jurisdiction. Under a broader interpretation, the provision enables the administrative judge to explicitly set out the binding effects—namely, the obligations imposed on the administration following the annulment of the administrative act—directly within the cognition judgment. More precise articulation of these obligations clarifies the binding content of the judgment, enabling any noncompliance to be addressed in compliance proceedings, albeit through a subsequent appeal. After examining these issues, the research concludes by retracing the steps leading to the definition of the relationship between cognition and execution, beginning with the meaning of the judicial claim in administrative proceedings, moving through the subject matter of the judgment, and ending with the nature of administrative legitimacy judgments. The theoretical reconstruction of these aspects is crucial to understanding the form of protection suitable for safeguarding the position of the victorious claimant at the conclusion of administrative legitimacy proceedings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/212042
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPV-212042