The global population is aging due to advancements in public health, medical interventions, and technological innovations. This demographic shift increases the susceptibility to various pathological conditions. To cope with this problem, in 2010 the American Heart Association introduced seven key points, called “Life’s Simple 7th”, which were later expanded to “Life’s Essential 8th” in 2022. The main goal of Life’s Essential 8th approach is to educate the population on maintaining a healthy lifestyle in everyday life. Telemedicine is an increasingly used strategy for health status monitoring and enables the exchange of medical information from one local to another using electronic communication devices, under a rigorous privacy control. Telemedicine is especially relevant for elderly or ill subjects by reducing travels and costs associated with more conventional treatments. The aim of my PhD work is to investigate changes in vital parameters in different population groups using the ButterfLife device, and to explore the intricate relationship between aging, chronic inflammation, and various pathological conditions, focusing on the role of circulating free mtDNA (cf-mtDNA). I applied telemedicine to healthy elderly subjects exhibiting symptoms associated with long-COVID, enrolled in a physical activity program. During the six-month research period in Valencia, I studied a cohort of obese patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS), undergoing to six months of hypocaloric diet. I analyzed changes in vital signs and the role of mtDNA as a potential marker of inflammation. Data showed correlations between mtDNA levels, vital signs and treatment outcomes especially in patients with MetS. Beyond chronic inflammation, I investigated the dynamics of acute inflammation, particularly in the context of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). To assess the impact of TBIs on mtDNA release and inflammatory response we considered two models: acute short-term damage in a group of non-professional boxers, and chronic long-term damage studying a professional rugby team during all the season. MtDNA can be released into circulation within the mitochondria, bound to proteins or naked, thus I optimized a protocol to distinguish the different forms of mtDNA. In the first model, cf-mtDNA levels underwent a progressive reduction after differential centrifugation and in each fraction, we found higher mtDNA levels after matches, with a progressive increase over the weeks. MtDNA integrity decreased after each match in all fractions analyzed, especially in the fractions where mtDNA is less protected and more prone to fragmentation. NfL, a known marker of assonal damage, presented the same trend of mtDNA with a progressive increase over the weeks. In the second model, cf-mtDNA levels progressive increased over the weeks and one month after the end of the season. Stratifying players according to the role, we found the same trend in forward players who suffer the most blows to the head during matches. Thus, the increase in mtDNA levels is not only due to intense physical activity but also to the number of impacts experienced. Since monocytes can be activated by mtDNA, we analyzed their subpopulation by flow cytometry. We found a significant increase in classical monocytes after the two matches considered, while intermediate and non-classical monocytes decreased, highlighting a more pronounced inflammatory state. Data revealed also increased monocytes activation and adhesion required for recruitment at the site of inflammation. Overall, mtDNA appears to be a key regulator of the inflammatory cascade and, in combination with other circulating molecules, it may be a promising candidate biomarker for assessing individuals with chronic or acute inflammatory states.
I progressi nella sanità pubblica e le innovazioni tecnologiche portano ad un invecchiamento della popolazione e un’aumentata suscettibilità a varie condizioni patologiche. Nel 2010 l'American Heart Association ha introdotto sette punti chiave, chiamati "Life's Simple 7th" e successivamente ampliati a "Life's Essential 8th" nel 2022, per educare la popolazione a mantenere uno stile di vita sano nella vita quotidiana. La telemedicina è una strategia sempre più utilizzata per il monitoraggio dello stato di salute e consente lo scambio di informazioni mediche a distanza tramite dispositivi elettronici, rigorosamente controllati. È utile soprattutto per soggetti anziani o malati, riducendo viaggi e costi necessari per i trattamenti convenzionali. L'obiettivo del mio lavoro di dottorato è indagare i cambiamenti nei parametri vitali in diversi gruppi di soggetti tramite il dispositivo ButterfLife, ed esplorare la complessa relazione tra invecchiamento, infiammazione cronica e varie condizioni patologiche, concentrandomi sul ruolo del DNA mitocondriale libero circolante (cf-mtDNA). Ho applicato la telemedicina a soggetti anziani sani con sintomi associati al long-COVID, arruolati in un programma di attività fisica. Durante i sei mesi di ricerca a Valencia, ho studiato una coorte di pazienti obesi con e senza sindrome metabolica (MetS), sottoposti a sei mesi di dieta ipocalorica. Ho analizzato i cambiamenti nei segni vitali e il ruolo del mtDNA come potenziale marcatore di infiammazione. I dati hanno mostrato correlazioni tra i livelli di mtDNA, i segni vitali e l’esito del trattamento specialmente nei pazienti con MetS. Ho anche indagato le dinamiche dell'infiammazione acuta nel contesto delle lesioni cerebrali traumatiche (TBIs). L’impatto delle TBIs sul rilascio di mtDNA e sulla risposta infiammatoria è stato valutato con due modelli: il danno acuto a breve termine in un gruppo di pugili non professionisti e il danno cronico a lungo termine studiando una squadra di rugby professionista durante tutta la stagione. Il mtDNA può essere rilasciato all'interno dei mitocondri, legato a proteine o libero, quindi ho ottimizzato un protocollo per distinguere le diverse forme di cf-mtDNA. Nel primo modello, i livelli di cf-mtDNA diminuiscono progressivamente dopo le centrifugazioni differenziali e aumentano in ogni frazione dopo i combattimenti, con un accumulo nel corso delle settimane. L'integrità del mtDNA diminuisce dopo ogni incontro in tutte le frazioni e specialmente dove il mtDNA è meno protetto e più incline alla frammentazione. NfL, un noto marcatore di danno assonale, mostra lo stesso andamento del mtDNA con un accumulo nel corso delle settimane. Nel secondo modello, i livelli di cf-mtDNA aumentano progressivamente durante le settimane e un mese dopo la fine della stagione. Stratificando i giocatori in base al ruolo, i giocatori di prima linea, più soggetti a colpi alla testa durante le partite, mostrano lo stesso accumulo di cf-mtDNA. Perciò, l'aumento dei livelli di mtDNA non è dovuto solo all'attività fisica intensa, ma anche al numero di impatti subiti. Poiché i monociti possono essere attivati dal mtDNA, ho analizzato le loro sottopopolazioni tramite citometria a flusso. Dopo i due incontri considerati, i monociti classici aumentano significativamente, mentre quelli intermedi e non classici diminuiscono, evidenziando uno stato infiammatorio più pronunciato. I dati hanno rivelato anche un aumento dell'attivazione dei monociti e dell'adesione necessaria per il reclutamento nel sito d'infiammazione. Nel complesso, il mtDNA sembra essere un regolatore chiave della cascata infiammatoria e, in combinazione con altre molecole circolanti, un promettente biomarcatore per la valutazione di individui con stati infiammatori cronici o acuti.
La Telemedicina per il monitoraggio dello stato di salute e correlazioni con lo stato infiammatorio, con particolare attenzione al mtDNA
SELLERI, VALENTINA
2025
Abstract
The global population is aging due to advancements in public health, medical interventions, and technological innovations. This demographic shift increases the susceptibility to various pathological conditions. To cope with this problem, in 2010 the American Heart Association introduced seven key points, called “Life’s Simple 7th”, which were later expanded to “Life’s Essential 8th” in 2022. The main goal of Life’s Essential 8th approach is to educate the population on maintaining a healthy lifestyle in everyday life. Telemedicine is an increasingly used strategy for health status monitoring and enables the exchange of medical information from one local to another using electronic communication devices, under a rigorous privacy control. Telemedicine is especially relevant for elderly or ill subjects by reducing travels and costs associated with more conventional treatments. The aim of my PhD work is to investigate changes in vital parameters in different population groups using the ButterfLife device, and to explore the intricate relationship between aging, chronic inflammation, and various pathological conditions, focusing on the role of circulating free mtDNA (cf-mtDNA). I applied telemedicine to healthy elderly subjects exhibiting symptoms associated with long-COVID, enrolled in a physical activity program. During the six-month research period in Valencia, I studied a cohort of obese patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS), undergoing to six months of hypocaloric diet. I analyzed changes in vital signs and the role of mtDNA as a potential marker of inflammation. Data showed correlations between mtDNA levels, vital signs and treatment outcomes especially in patients with MetS. Beyond chronic inflammation, I investigated the dynamics of acute inflammation, particularly in the context of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). To assess the impact of TBIs on mtDNA release and inflammatory response we considered two models: acute short-term damage in a group of non-professional boxers, and chronic long-term damage studying a professional rugby team during all the season. MtDNA can be released into circulation within the mitochondria, bound to proteins or naked, thus I optimized a protocol to distinguish the different forms of mtDNA. In the first model, cf-mtDNA levels underwent a progressive reduction after differential centrifugation and in each fraction, we found higher mtDNA levels after matches, with a progressive increase over the weeks. MtDNA integrity decreased after each match in all fractions analyzed, especially in the fractions where mtDNA is less protected and more prone to fragmentation. NfL, a known marker of assonal damage, presented the same trend of mtDNA with a progressive increase over the weeks. In the second model, cf-mtDNA levels progressive increased over the weeks and one month after the end of the season. Stratifying players according to the role, we found the same trend in forward players who suffer the most blows to the head during matches. Thus, the increase in mtDNA levels is not only due to intense physical activity but also to the number of impacts experienced. Since monocytes can be activated by mtDNA, we analyzed their subpopulation by flow cytometry. We found a significant increase in classical monocytes after the two matches considered, while intermediate and non-classical monocytes decreased, highlighting a more pronounced inflammatory state. Data revealed also increased monocytes activation and adhesion required for recruitment at the site of inflammation. Overall, mtDNA appears to be a key regulator of the inflammatory cascade and, in combination with other circulating molecules, it may be a promising candidate biomarker for assessing individuals with chronic or acute inflammatory states.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/212371
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-212371