Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and deadly brain tumors, known for its ability to evade the body's immune system and resist traditional treatments. To tackle this challenge, we have explored a new immunotherapy approach using the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) to help the immune system to recognize and target GBM cells more effectively. In this study, we have modified three different murine GBM cell lines (GL261, CT-2A, and SB28) to express CIITA. This modification has significantly induced and/or increased the levels of MHC-II and MHC-I molecules on their surfaces, which are crucial for presenting tumor-associated proteins (antigens) to the immune system. With these antigens becoming more visible, the immune system's T cells, including both helper (CD4+) and killer (CD8+) T cells, could better identify and attack the tumor. in vitro proliferation assays has further confirmed that CIITA expression did not affect the growth rate of the tumor cells, indicating that any changes in tumor behavior would solely be due to the immune response rather than alterations in the cells themselves. We then have evaluated this strategy in mice using different combinations of GL261-CIITA vaccinations and challenges. This study focuses on mice that were initially vaccinated with the modified GL261-CIITA cells and later challenged with aggressive SB28 tumor cells. Remarkably, 75% of the vaccinated mice has completely rejected the tumor cells, and the remaining 25% has showed reduced tumor growth compared to non-vaccinated mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis has revealed a strong immune response, with clear indications of T-cell infiltrates actively targeting the tumor. To further understand the protection in these mice, especially in the context of heterogeneous challenges, we have employed mass spectrometry to identify the specific peptides that are presented by the modified tumor cells. Interestingly, many of these peptides were shared among the three cell lines and were also similar to those found in human GBM cells, suggesting the translational potential of our approach to clinical settings. This increased antigen presentation by CIITA-modified cells could serve as the foundation for a new, broad-spectrum GBM vaccine. Our findings also suggests that boosting the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to GBM cells using CIITA can trigger a powerful anti-tumor response. This strategy not only helps in fighting off the initial tumor but also suggests potential for cross-protection against different types of GBM.
Il glioblastoma (GBM) è uno dei tumori cerebrali più aggressivi e mortali, noto per la sua capacità di eludere il sistema immunitario del corpo e resistere ai trattamenti tradizionali. Per affrontare questa sfida, abbiamo esplorato un nuovo approccio di immunoterapia utilizzando il MHC classe II transattivatore (CIITA) per aiutare il sistema immunitario a riconoscere e mirare cellule GBM in modo più efficace. In questo studio, abbiamo modificato tre diverse linee cellulari murine GBM (GL261, CT-2A e SB28) per esprimere CIITA. Questa modificazione ha significativamente indotto e/o aumentato i livelli di molecole MHC-II e MHC-I sulle loro superfici, che sono cruciali per la presentazione al sistema immunitario delle proteine (antigeni) associate ai tumori. Con questi antigeni diventando più visibili, le cellule T del sistema immunitario, comprese sia le cellule T aiutanti (CD4+) che killer (CD8+), potrebbero meglio identificare e attaccare il tumore. in vitro proliferazione ha ulteriormente confermato che l'espressione CIITA non ha influenzato il tasso di crescita delle cellule tumorali, indicando che eventuali cambiamenti nel comportamento del tumore sarebbe dovuto solo alla risposta immunitaria piuttosto che alterazioni nelle cellule stesse. Abbiamo poi valutato questa strategia nei topi utilizzando diverse combinazioni di vaccini GL261-CIITA e sfide. Questo studio si concentra sui topi che sono stati inizialmente vaccinati con le cellule GL261-CIITA modificate e successivamente sfidato con le cellule tumorali aggressive SB28. Sorprendentemente, il 75% dei topi vaccinati ha completamente respinto le cellule tumorali e il restante 25% ha mostrato una crescita del tumore ridotta rispetto ai topi non vaccinati. L'analisi di immunoistochimica (IHC) ha rivelato una forte risposta immunitaria, con chiare indicazioni di infiltrati di cellule T che prendono attivamente di mira il tumore. Per comprendere meglio la protezione in questi topi, specialmente nel contesto di sfide eterogenee, abbiamo impiegato la spettrometria di massa per identificare i peptidi specifici che sono presentati dalle cellule tumorali modificate. Curiosamente, molti di questi peptidi erano condivisi tra le tre linee cellulari e erano anche simili a quelli trovati nelle cellule umane GBM, suggerendo il potenziale traslazionale del nostro approccio alle impostazioni cliniche. Questa maggiore presentazione di antigene da parte delle cellule modificate con CIITA potrebbe servire come base per un nuovo vaccino ad ampio spettro contro il GBM. I nostri risultati suggeriscono anche che aumentare la capacità del sistema immunitario di riconoscere e rispondere alle cellule GBM utilizzando CIITA può innescare una potente risposta anti-tumorale. Questa strategia non solo aiuta a combattere il tumore iniziale, ma suggerisce anche la possibilità di una protezione incrociata contro diversi tipi di GBM.
UNVEILING THE HIDDEN REPERTOIRE OF GLIOBLASTOMA TUMOR ANTIGENS BY GENETIC MODOFICATION OF TUMOR CELLS WITH THE MHC CLASS II TRANSACTIVATOR CIITA
SHAIK, AMRUTH KALEEM BASHA
2025
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and deadly brain tumors, known for its ability to evade the body's immune system and resist traditional treatments. To tackle this challenge, we have explored a new immunotherapy approach using the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) to help the immune system to recognize and target GBM cells more effectively. In this study, we have modified three different murine GBM cell lines (GL261, CT-2A, and SB28) to express CIITA. This modification has significantly induced and/or increased the levels of MHC-II and MHC-I molecules on their surfaces, which are crucial for presenting tumor-associated proteins (antigens) to the immune system. With these antigens becoming more visible, the immune system's T cells, including both helper (CD4+) and killer (CD8+) T cells, could better identify and attack the tumor. in vitro proliferation assays has further confirmed that CIITA expression did not affect the growth rate of the tumor cells, indicating that any changes in tumor behavior would solely be due to the immune response rather than alterations in the cells themselves. We then have evaluated this strategy in mice using different combinations of GL261-CIITA vaccinations and challenges. This study focuses on mice that were initially vaccinated with the modified GL261-CIITA cells and later challenged with aggressive SB28 tumor cells. Remarkably, 75% of the vaccinated mice has completely rejected the tumor cells, and the remaining 25% has showed reduced tumor growth compared to non-vaccinated mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis has revealed a strong immune response, with clear indications of T-cell infiltrates actively targeting the tumor. To further understand the protection in these mice, especially in the context of heterogeneous challenges, we have employed mass spectrometry to identify the specific peptides that are presented by the modified tumor cells. Interestingly, many of these peptides were shared among the three cell lines and were also similar to those found in human GBM cells, suggesting the translational potential of our approach to clinical settings. This increased antigen presentation by CIITA-modified cells could serve as the foundation for a new, broad-spectrum GBM vaccine. Our findings also suggests that boosting the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to GBM cells using CIITA can trigger a powerful anti-tumor response. This strategy not only helps in fighting off the initial tumor but also suggests potential for cross-protection against different types of GBM.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/212674
URN:NBN:IT:UNINSUBRIA-212674