The present academic study focuses on the analysis of three key factors influencing sustainable investment decisions: the divergence between ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) ratings, the impact of cognitive biases in sustainable investment decisions, and the role of strategic communication in making information clearer and more accessible, promoting transparency and trust among stakeholders. The thesis is organised into five chapters, integrating different methods and perspectives (from literature review to experimental approach to the analysis of digital communication strategies). The first chapter provides a general introduction to the topic, clarifying the growing relevance of sustainable investments in a global context characterised by novel climate, social, and economic challenges. The thesis's main objectives are outlined as follows: firstly, to analyse the causes of the ESG assessments' fragmentation; secondly, to understand the role of cognitive biases in the promotion and hindrance of sustainable investment choices; and thirdly, to assess the importance of communication strategies in promoting greater transparency in the markets. The second chapter explores the issue of divergence between ESG ratings, i.e. the discrepancy between the ratings provided by different rating agencies. A systematic literature review (PRISMA) and bibliometric analysis were conducted to highlight the main research trends, revealing that differences in methodologies, weighting criteria and data sources can lead to extremely heterogeneous scores for the same company, generating confusion and mistrust among investors. The chapter also illustrates several proposals for standardisation and harmonisation of metrics, to reduce information asymmetries and improve the quality of ESG data. Finally, it emphasises the significance of methodological transparency and collaboration between regulatory entities, rating agencies, and companies, to establish a clear and shared framework that can support sustainable investment decisions. The third chapter of this study examines the impact of cognitive biases on sustainable investment decisions, with a particular focus on information avoidance and selective exposure mechanisms. A stated choice experiment (SCE) was conducted, involving 136 participants, and five treatments were implemented, varying in terms of the cost of access and the reliability of the information provided. The experimental results indicate that in conditions of high uncertainty or cost, “selfish” behaviour (i.e. behaviour oriented towards maximising returns without adequately considering sustainability aspects) occurs more frequently. This phenomenon is also characterised by a reduced propensity to seek available sustainability information. The chapter emphasises the importance of policies aimed at reducing information barriers (e.g. by enhancing the clarity and accessibility of ESG data) and minimising information acquisition costs, to promote more informed investment decisions that align with sustainability principles. The fourth chapter of this study focuses on the communication strategies adopted by companies to enhance their sustainable commitment. This study examines the use of LinkedIn by seven bioplastics companies to promote sustainability and build a credible reputation. The research is based on a manual collection and analysis of posts published over ten months, with a subsequent classification into thematic categories and an evaluation of the level of engagement (likes, comments and shares). The analysis produced a series of useful indications to help understand which types of content are most effective in engaging stakeholders and consolidating the companies' "green" reputation. It is also highlighted that a corporate narrative must be based on verifiable and consistent data to prevent greenwashing and promote trust among investors and other stakeholders. The fifth chapter is a general conclusion in which the theoretical and practical implications that emerged are summarised. It highlights the need for effective coordination and regulation for the convergence of ESG ratings, emphasising the importance of an in-depth understanding of cognitive mechanisms to design interventions that favour sustainable choices. Furthermore, it emphasises the crucial role of strategic communication in improving the accessibility, clarity and reliability of ESG information. In conclusion, the thesis aims to provide useful insights for investors, companies and policymakers, to enhance the effectiveness and credibility of sustainable investment.
La presente tesi di dottorato si prefigge di esaminare tre fattori chiave che influenzano le decisioni di investimento sostenibile: la divergenza tra rating ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance), l'impatto dei bias cognitivi sulle scelte di investimento e il ruolo della comunicazione strategica nel rendere più chiare e accessibili le informazioni sulla sostenibilità. Il lavoro è organizzato in cinque capitoli, che integrano diversi metodi e prospettive, dalla revisione sistematica della letteratura all'approccio sperimentale, fino all'analisi delle strategie digitali di comunicazione. Nel primo capitolo è fornito il contesto della ricerca, evidenziando la crescente importanza degli investimenti sostenibili e della green finance in un contesto globale caratterizzato da sfide climatiche, sociali ed economiche sempre più pressanti. Sono stati inoltre illustrati i principali obiettivi della ricerca: indagare le cause della divergenza nelle valutazioni ESG; analizzare il ruolo dei bias cognitivi nel favorire o ostacolare l'adozione di investimenti sostenibili; e approfondire come le strategie di comunicazione possano rendere più chiare e accessibili le informazioni relative alla sostenibilità. Nel secondo capitolo è stato approfondito il tema della divergenza tra i rating ESG, ovvero la discordanza tra le valutazioni fornite dalle diverse agenzie di rating. Attraverso una revisione sistematica della letteratura e un’analisi bibliometrica, sono state individuate le principali tendenze di ricerca, evidenziando come differenze nelle metodologie, nei criteri di ponderazione e nelle fonti di dati possano produrre punteggi estremamente eterogenei per la stessa azienda. Questa discordanza, a sua volta, contribuisce a generare confusione e sfiducia tra gli investitori. Il capitolo propone, inoltre, possibili soluzioni per standardizzare le metriche ESG e sottolinea l’importanza di una maggiore trasparenza nelle metodologie adottate dalle agenzie di rating. Nel terzo capitolo viene approfondito il ruolo dei bias cognitivi nelle decisioni di investimento sostenibile, con un focus particolare sull'evitamento delle informazioni e sull'esposizione selettiva. A tale scopo, è stato condotto un esperimento a scelta dichiarata (SCE) che ha coinvolto 136 partecipanti, suddivisi in cinque gruppi sperimentali, ciascuno sottoposto a condizioni specifiche in termini di disponibilità, costo e affidabilità delle informazioni sulla sostenibilità. I partecipanti dovevano scegliere tra due alternative di investimento sostenibile in scenari in cui le informazioni necessarie per valutare la reale sostenibilità non erano sempre immediatamente disponibili. In alcuni casi, l'accesso a queste informazioni comportava una riduzione del rendimento atteso, mentre in altri la qualità delle informazioni era incerta. Queste condizioni sperimentali hanno permesso di osservare come, in presenza di costi informativi elevati o elevata incertezza, gli individui tendano a privilegiare decisioni orientate alla massimizzazione del rendimento (comportamenti definiti "egoistici") e mostrino una minore propensione a cercare e integrare le informazioni sulla sostenibilità. Il capitolo evidenzia, quindi, l’importanza di ridurre le barriere informative e i costi associati alla raccolta dei dati ESG, suggerendo che migliorare la chiarezza e l’accessibilità di tali informazioni potrebbe favorire decisioni di investimento più consapevoli e allineate ai principi della sostenibilità. Nel quarto capitolo è stata condotta un'analisi sulle strategie di comunicazione adottate dalle imprese per valorizzare il proprio impegno sostenibile. A tal fine, è stato esaminato il caso di sette aziende produttrici di bioplastiche, valutando l'uso di LinkedIn per promuovere la sostenibilità e costruire una reputazione credibile. L'indagine si è basata su una raccolta manuale di post pubblicati in un periodo di dieci mesi, con successiva classificazione in categorie tematiche e misurazione del livello di engagement (like, commenti e condivisioni). Dall’analisi è emerso che determinate tipologie di contenuto risultano più efficaci nel coinvolgere gli stakeholder e consolidare la reputazione "green" delle imprese. Contemporaneamente, è stata evidenziata la necessità di fondare la narrazione aziendale su dati verificabili e coerenti, al fine di prevenire accuse di greenwashing e promuovere la fiducia di investitori e altri stakeholder. Nell’ultimo capitolo vengono infine sintetizzate le implicazioni teoriche e pratiche: la divergenza tra rating ESG necessita di un solido coordinamento regolamentare, mentre la comprensione dei bias cognitivi risulta essenziale per disegnare interventi che favoriscano scelte sostenibili. La comunicazione strategica, infine, gioca un ruolo cruciale nel veicolare informazioni chiare e trasparenti, alimentando la fiducia e supportando un approccio d’investimento più responsabile. Complessivamente, la tesi mira a fornire indicazioni utili a investitori, aziende e policymaker, rafforzando l’efficacia e la credibilità degli investimenti sostenibili.
Green finance for the bioeconomy: bridging the gap between ESG rating divergences, behavioural biases and communication
STAFFIERI, ELEONORA
2025
Abstract
The present academic study focuses on the analysis of three key factors influencing sustainable investment decisions: the divergence between ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) ratings, the impact of cognitive biases in sustainable investment decisions, and the role of strategic communication in making information clearer and more accessible, promoting transparency and trust among stakeholders. The thesis is organised into five chapters, integrating different methods and perspectives (from literature review to experimental approach to the analysis of digital communication strategies). The first chapter provides a general introduction to the topic, clarifying the growing relevance of sustainable investments in a global context characterised by novel climate, social, and economic challenges. The thesis's main objectives are outlined as follows: firstly, to analyse the causes of the ESG assessments' fragmentation; secondly, to understand the role of cognitive biases in the promotion and hindrance of sustainable investment choices; and thirdly, to assess the importance of communication strategies in promoting greater transparency in the markets. The second chapter explores the issue of divergence between ESG ratings, i.e. the discrepancy between the ratings provided by different rating agencies. A systematic literature review (PRISMA) and bibliometric analysis were conducted to highlight the main research trends, revealing that differences in methodologies, weighting criteria and data sources can lead to extremely heterogeneous scores for the same company, generating confusion and mistrust among investors. The chapter also illustrates several proposals for standardisation and harmonisation of metrics, to reduce information asymmetries and improve the quality of ESG data. Finally, it emphasises the significance of methodological transparency and collaboration between regulatory entities, rating agencies, and companies, to establish a clear and shared framework that can support sustainable investment decisions. The third chapter of this study examines the impact of cognitive biases on sustainable investment decisions, with a particular focus on information avoidance and selective exposure mechanisms. A stated choice experiment (SCE) was conducted, involving 136 participants, and five treatments were implemented, varying in terms of the cost of access and the reliability of the information provided. The experimental results indicate that in conditions of high uncertainty or cost, “selfish” behaviour (i.e. behaviour oriented towards maximising returns without adequately considering sustainability aspects) occurs more frequently. This phenomenon is also characterised by a reduced propensity to seek available sustainability information. The chapter emphasises the importance of policies aimed at reducing information barriers (e.g. by enhancing the clarity and accessibility of ESG data) and minimising information acquisition costs, to promote more informed investment decisions that align with sustainability principles. The fourth chapter of this study focuses on the communication strategies adopted by companies to enhance their sustainable commitment. This study examines the use of LinkedIn by seven bioplastics companies to promote sustainability and build a credible reputation. The research is based on a manual collection and analysis of posts published over ten months, with a subsequent classification into thematic categories and an evaluation of the level of engagement (likes, comments and shares). The analysis produced a series of useful indications to help understand which types of content are most effective in engaging stakeholders and consolidating the companies' "green" reputation. It is also highlighted that a corporate narrative must be based on verifiable and consistent data to prevent greenwashing and promote trust among investors and other stakeholders. The fifth chapter is a general conclusion in which the theoretical and practical implications that emerged are summarised. It highlights the need for effective coordination and regulation for the convergence of ESG ratings, emphasising the importance of an in-depth understanding of cognitive mechanisms to design interventions that favour sustainable choices. Furthermore, it emphasises the crucial role of strategic communication in improving the accessibility, clarity and reliability of ESG information. In conclusion, the thesis aims to provide useful insights for investors, companies and policymakers, to enhance the effectiveness and credibility of sustainable investment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/212791
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-212791