Biomaterials for bone regeneration possessing novel antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties: comprehensive biological evaluations

Bone fractures, a common global injury due to trauma, particularly for those with osteoporosis, cause a significant economic burden. Often caused by falls, accidents, or sports, they are frequently treated by healthcare professionals. While the body can heal minor fractures naturally, severe injuries like spinal cord or bone damage might require regenerative surgery. However, this healing ability weakens with age and factors like inflammation from damaged tissue. Implants, widely used in surgeries for bones, muscles, and blood vessels, are designed to interact with the body, aiding tissue repair and providing structural support. In orthopaedics, implants are common for fixing fractures, correcting spinal deformities, and replacing hips and knees. The rising elderly population leads to more implant surgeries. A major concern is implant failure due to infection and inflammation triggered by fibroblast activation. This inflammation makes fighting infections difficult. Bacteria readily adhere to implants, forming biofilms resistant to antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis are the main culprits in such infections on implants. Biofilm formation leads to peri-implant infections and tissue death, resulting in bone loss and implant loosening even without direct infection. New methods like antibacterial coatings are being explored to combat these infections typically caused by S. aureus. The field of orthopaedics is constantly evolving with novel materials and manufacturing techniques for implants. My PhD research focused on developing multifunctional bone implants that improve tissue integration, reduce bacterial infections, and promote blood vessel growth. We primarily investigated biomaterials such as Bioglass and titanium implants, both individually and combined. Additionally, we explored incorporating antimicrobial peptoids, phage-derived endolysins, and natural extracts like polyphenols, tellurium, and cerium.