Rapid technological advancements in the fields of artificial intelligence and robotics have re-opened debates over automation, deskilling, and job displacement. Hereby, the question of when to automate versus augment human skill has received increasing attention. Based on the assumption that it is research’s task to contribute to the articulation of desirable futures, this dissertation studies human skill and technology in two contrasting organisational settings to articulate a more concrete picture of desirable futures of work in manufacturing. This includes the consideration of structural conditions under which work is currently performed and organised. The first chapter combines the study of structural factors with ethnography, this dissertation’s main method of inquiry. It provides the methodological foundation of this thesis by discussing the relevance of Fox’s frames of reference of the employment relationship in negotiating access to workplace ethnographies. The chapter argues that gatekeepers’ and ethnographers’ frames influence what they perceive to be of relevance for research, thus spanning a field of tension that needs to be dealt with during access negotiations. It further proposes strategies to navigate negotiations depending on the extent to which the researcher’s and gatekeeper’s frame (mis)match. The second chapter critically investigates craftwork’s potential to re-enchant work in the sense of providing meaning by researching a traditional craft firm that offers poor working conditions to their workers but finding them to stay loyal rather than showing signs of exit, voice, or neglect. This paper thus argues that enchantment through craft acts as a mystifying ideology in Burawoy’s sense. It further finds that enchantment operates through three channels: the process of crafting, the product itself, and the relationship between workers and clients. The third chapter examines how contemporary initiatives to transform manufacturing to become more ‘human-centric’ perpetuates the sector’s gender inequity issues. Specifically, taking I5.0 as an example of a sociotechnical imaginary aimed at articulating a desirable future of work for manufacturing, the chapter shows how human centricity in manufacturing often still centres around ‘masculine’ heavy machines and related skills, entailing less investment in skills and technology that are typed ‘feminine’, such as soft skills or ICTs.
I rapidi progressi tecnologici nei campi dell'intelligenza artificiale e della robotica hanno riaperto il dibattito sull'automazione, la dequalificazione e il trasferimento del lavoro. In questo contesto, la questione di quando automatizzare o aumentare le competenze umane ha ricevuto un'attenzione crescente. Partendo dal presupposto che è compito della ricerca contribuire all'articolazione dei futuri desiderabili, questa tesi studia le competenze umane e la tecnologia in due contesti organizzativi contrastanti per articolare un quadro più concreto dei futuri desiderabili del lavoro nel settore manifatturiero. Ciò include la considerazione delle condizioni strutturali in cui il lavoro è attualmente svolto e organizzato. Il primo capitolo combina lo studio dei fattori strutturali con l'etnografia, il principale metodo di indagine di questa tesi. Fornisce le basi metodologiche di questa tesi, discutendo la rilevanza dei quadri di riferimento di Fox sul rapporto di lavoro nel negoziare l'accesso alle etnografie sul luogo di lavoro. Il capitolo sostiene che i quadri di riferimento dei gatekeeper e degli etnografi influenzano ciò che essi percepiscono come rilevante per la ricerca, creando così un campo di tensione che deve essere affrontato durante le negoziazioni di accesso. Propone inoltre delle strategie per navigare nelle negoziazioni a seconda della misura in cui il quadro del ricercatore e quello del gatekeeper (non) coincidono. Il secondo capitolo indaga criticamente il potenziale dell'artigianato di ri-incantare il lavoro nel senso di fornire un significato attraverso una ricerca su un'azienda artigianale tradizionale che offre condizioni di lavoro scadenti ai suoi lavoratori, ma che li trova fedeli piuttosto che mostrare segni di abbandono, voce o negligenza. Questo articolo sostiene quindi che l'incanto attraverso l'artigianato agisce come un'ideologia mistificante nel senso di Burawoy. Inoltre, si scopre che l'incanto opera attraverso tre canali: il processo di lavorazione, il prodotto stesso e la relazione tra lavoratori e clienti. Il terzo capitolo esamina come le iniziative contemporanee di trasformazione del settore manifatturiero per renderlo più “umano-centrico” perpetuino i problemi di disuguaglianza di genere del settore. In particolare, prendendo I5.0 come esempio di un immaginario sociotecnico volto ad articolare un futuro lavorativo desiderabile per il settore manifatturiero, il capitolo mostra come la centralità dell'uomo nel settore manifatturiero sia spesso ancora incentrata su macchine pesanti “maschili” e sulle relative competenze, comportando minori investimenti in competenze e tecnologie definite “femminili”, come le soft skills o le ICT.
MAPPING DESIRABLE FUTURES OF WORK: SKILL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN CRAFT AND INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING
STEFAN, JANA
2025
Abstract
Rapid technological advancements in the fields of artificial intelligence and robotics have re-opened debates over automation, deskilling, and job displacement. Hereby, the question of when to automate versus augment human skill has received increasing attention. Based on the assumption that it is research’s task to contribute to the articulation of desirable futures, this dissertation studies human skill and technology in two contrasting organisational settings to articulate a more concrete picture of desirable futures of work in manufacturing. This includes the consideration of structural conditions under which work is currently performed and organised. The first chapter combines the study of structural factors with ethnography, this dissertation’s main method of inquiry. It provides the methodological foundation of this thesis by discussing the relevance of Fox’s frames of reference of the employment relationship in negotiating access to workplace ethnographies. The chapter argues that gatekeepers’ and ethnographers’ frames influence what they perceive to be of relevance for research, thus spanning a field of tension that needs to be dealt with during access negotiations. It further proposes strategies to navigate negotiations depending on the extent to which the researcher’s and gatekeeper’s frame (mis)match. The second chapter critically investigates craftwork’s potential to re-enchant work in the sense of providing meaning by researching a traditional craft firm that offers poor working conditions to their workers but finding them to stay loyal rather than showing signs of exit, voice, or neglect. This paper thus argues that enchantment through craft acts as a mystifying ideology in Burawoy’s sense. It further finds that enchantment operates through three channels: the process of crafting, the product itself, and the relationship between workers and clients. The third chapter examines how contemporary initiatives to transform manufacturing to become more ‘human-centric’ perpetuates the sector’s gender inequity issues. Specifically, taking I5.0 as an example of a sociotechnical imaginary aimed at articulating a desirable future of work for manufacturing, the chapter shows how human centricity in manufacturing often still centres around ‘masculine’ heavy machines and related skills, entailing less investment in skills and technology that are typed ‘feminine’, such as soft skills or ICTs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213085
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-213085