Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is defined as a chronic condition in which the normal lung anatomy is altered by a mechanism of active remodeling, extracellular matrix deposition, and changes in cellular phenotypes. These changes in lung architecture cause an irreversible decrease in oxygen diffusion and lung function, rapidly leading to death. From the pathological point of view, IPF is a complex disease that results from an interplay between different factors. Different aging-related abnormalities, such as mitochondrial morphology abnormality, reduction of the fusion process, and mitophagy, have been observed. The activity of thyroid hormone in mitochondrial biogenesis regulation has been experimentally demonstrated and a recent study has proposed the possibility of reversing the fibrotic state in bleomycin-induced fibrotic mice model by thyroid hormone aerosolization. Local delivery of medications can be advantageous in some pulmonary diseases, as it allows for targeting the lung, delivering the right amount of drug, and reducing the side effects. In this respect dry powders offer advantages compared to liquid formulations related to the possible surface modification and particle engineering, as well as the possibility of stabilizing the drug in a solid matrix, thus reducing the long-term degradation phenomena and microbial proliferation. In addition, the poor solubility in water of levothyroxine makes challenging or even unsuitable the use of a solution for nebulization. The aim of this thesis was the development of a dry powder for the lung administration of levothyroxine (LT4) based on levothyroxine nano-embedded microparticle as a novel treatment for idiopathic lung fibrosis. To achieve the desired goal a polymer such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in two molecular weights, was selected as particle structure-forming agent. PVA is a synthetic biocompatible and biodegradable polymer widely used in biomedicine. PVAs significantly increased LT4 apparent solubility in water affording the formation of a colloidal systems that were transformed in inhalable powders by spray drying. These powders presented a particle size distribution with a median diameter ranging between 5 to 9 µm, with no significative effect of drug/polymer ratio nor of the polymer molecular weight. The aerodynamic assessment, performed by the next-generation impactor, afforded an MMAD of 3.5 and 4.57 µm (respectively for the powder prepared with the low and high PVA molecular weight), while the fine particle fraction was near 70 % in both cases. Observations by scanning electron microscopy, evidenced spherical hollow particles, thus justifying the difference observed between geometric and aerodynamic diameter. Interestingly, levothyroxine nanostructure (with an average size between 180 and 200 nm) was present on the microparticle surface, indicating that the polymer acted as a carrier for the active ingredient nanoparticles. Levothyroxine nanoparticles were easily released from the microparticles, giving rise to the parent nanosuspension upon contact with aqueous media. Toxicity, internalization and metabolic effects of the dry powders were investigated in vitro on A549 cell line. Cell vitality was close to 95 % at all the measured time points indicating good tolerability. As for the metabolic modulation, the cells exposed to the suspensions showed a reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a variation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).Both these parameters indicate that the formulation afforded a metabolic modulation; in particular, the reduction in the ROS production is linked to the reduction of the cellular oxidative stress that play a role in the fibrosis development while MMP is related to the polarization state of the mitochondria and consequently to their integrity and functionality. The formulation was internalized to a significantly higher extent compared to the LT4 solution, likely not only for a direct effect of the formulation components but also for the great different in drug concentration in the liquid phase that can be achieved with the polymeric LT4-containg nanosuspension. In conclusion, the present thesis work demonstrates the feasibility of a powder for pulmonary administration of levothyroxine able to reach the deep lung as well as the intracellular compartment in an effective and efficient manner, thus providing a first solid and scientifically grounded element for the development of a medicinal product capable of offering a valid therapeutic response to IPF patients.
La fibrosi polmonare idiopatica è definita come una condizione cronica in cui la normale anatomia polmonare è alterata da un meccanismo di rimodellamento attivo, deposizione di matrice extracellulare e cambiamenti nei fenotipi cellulari. Questi cambiamenti nell’architettura polmonare causano una riduzione irreversibile della diffusione dell’ossigeno e della funzionalità polmonare, che porta rapidamente alla morte. Dal punto di vista patologico, la IPF è una malattia complessa che deriva da un’interazione tra diversi fattori. Sono state osservate diverse anomalie correlate all’invecchiamento, come l’anomalia della morfologia mitocondriale, la riduzione del processo di fusione e la mitofagia. L’attività dell’ormone tiroideo nella regolazione della biogenesi mitocondriale è stata dimostrata sperimentalmente e uno studio recente ha proposto la possibilità di invertire lo stato fibrotico nel modello di topi fibrotici indotti da bleomicina mediante aerosolizzazione dell’ormone tiroideo. La somministrazione locale di farmaci può essere vantaggiosa in alcune malattie polmonari, poiché consente di mirare al polmone, somministrare la giusta quantità di farmaco e ridurre gli effetti collaterali. A questo proposito, le polveri secche offrono vantaggi rispetto alle formulazioni liquide in relazione alla possibile modifica della superficie e all’ingegneria delle particelle, nonché alla possibilità di stabilizzare il farmaco in una matrice solida, riducendo così i fenomeni di degradazione a lungo termine e la proliferazione microbica. Inoltre, la scarsa solubilità in acqua della levotiroxina rende difficile o addirittura inadatto l’uso di una soluzione per nebulizzazione. L’obiettivo di questa tesi era lo sviluppo di una polvere secca per la somministrazione polmonare di levotiroxina (LT4) basata su microparticelle nano-incorporate di levotiroxina come nuovo trattamento per la fibrosi polmonare idiopatica. Per raggiungere l’obiettivo desiderato, è stato selezionato un polimero come l’alcol polivinilico (PVA) in due pesi molecolari come agente formante la struttura delle particelle. Il PVA è un polimero sintetico biocompatibile e biodegradabile ampiamente utilizzato in biomedicina. I PVA hanno aumentato significativamente la solubilità apparente di LT4 in acqua, consentendo la formazione di sistemi colloidali che sono stati trasformati in polveri inalabili mediante essiccazione a spruzzo. Queste polveri presentavano una distribuzione delle dimensioni delle particelle con un diametro mediano compreso tra 5 e 9 µm, senza alcun effetto significativo sul rapporto farmaco/polimero né sul peso molecolare del polimero. La valutazione aerodinamica, eseguita dall’impattore di nuova generazione, ha fornito un MMAD di 3,5 e 4,57 µm (rispettivamente per la polvere preparata con il peso molecolare basso e alto del PVA), mentre la frazione di particelle fini era vicina al 70% in entrambi i casi.Le osservazioni mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione hanno evidenziato particelle cave sferiche, giustificando così la differenza osservata tra diametro geometrico e aerodinamico. È interessante notare che la nanostruttura di levotiroxina (con una dimensione media tra 180 e 200 nm) era presente sulla superficie delle microparticelle, indicando che il polimero fungeva da trasportatore per le nanoparticelle del principio attivo. Le nanoparticelle di levotiroxina venivano facilmente rilasciate dalle microparticelle, dando origine alla nanosospensione madre al contatto con un mezzo acquoso. La tossicità, l’internalizzazione e gli effetti metabolici delle polveri secche sono stati studiati in vitro sulla linea cellulare A549. La vitalità cellulare era vicina al 95% in tutti i punti temporali misurati, indicando una buona tollerabilità. Per quanto riguarda la modulazione metabolica, le cellule esposte alle sospensioni hanno mostrato una riduzione della produzione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno (ROS) e una variazione del potenziale di membrana mitocondriale (MMP). Entrambi questi parametri indicano che la formulazione ha fornito una modulazione metabolica; in particolare, la riduzione della produzione di ROS è legata alla riduzione dello stress ossidativo cellulare che gioca un ruolo nello sviluppo della fibrosi mentre l’MMP è correlato allo stato di polarizzazione dei mitocondri e di conseguenza alla loro integrità e funzionalità. La formulazione è stata internalizzata in misura significativamente maggiore rispetto alla soluzione LT4, probabilmente non solo per un effetto diretto dei componenti della formulazione ma anche per la grande differenza nella concentrazione del farmaco nella fase liquida che può essere ottenuta con la nanosospensione polimerica contenente LT4. In conclusione, il presente lavoro di tesi dimostra la fattibilità di una polvere per somministrazione polmonare di levotiroxina in grado di raggiungere il polmone profondo e il compartimento intracellulare in modo efficace ed efficiente, fornendo così un primo elemento solido e scientificamente fondato per lo sviluppo di un medicinale in grado di offrire una valida risposta terapeutica ai pazienti con IPF.
Polveri respirabili conententi nanoparticelle di levotiroxina per il trattamento della fibrosi polmonare
Gianluca, Bazzoli;
2025
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is defined as a chronic condition in which the normal lung anatomy is altered by a mechanism of active remodeling, extracellular matrix deposition, and changes in cellular phenotypes. These changes in lung architecture cause an irreversible decrease in oxygen diffusion and lung function, rapidly leading to death. From the pathological point of view, IPF is a complex disease that results from an interplay between different factors. Different aging-related abnormalities, such as mitochondrial morphology abnormality, reduction of the fusion process, and mitophagy, have been observed. The activity of thyroid hormone in mitochondrial biogenesis regulation has been experimentally demonstrated and a recent study has proposed the possibility of reversing the fibrotic state in bleomycin-induced fibrotic mice model by thyroid hormone aerosolization. Local delivery of medications can be advantageous in some pulmonary diseases, as it allows for targeting the lung, delivering the right amount of drug, and reducing the side effects. In this respect dry powders offer advantages compared to liquid formulations related to the possible surface modification and particle engineering, as well as the possibility of stabilizing the drug in a solid matrix, thus reducing the long-term degradation phenomena and microbial proliferation. In addition, the poor solubility in water of levothyroxine makes challenging or even unsuitable the use of a solution for nebulization. The aim of this thesis was the development of a dry powder for the lung administration of levothyroxine (LT4) based on levothyroxine nano-embedded microparticle as a novel treatment for idiopathic lung fibrosis. To achieve the desired goal a polymer such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in two molecular weights, was selected as particle structure-forming agent. PVA is a synthetic biocompatible and biodegradable polymer widely used in biomedicine. PVAs significantly increased LT4 apparent solubility in water affording the formation of a colloidal systems that were transformed in inhalable powders by spray drying. These powders presented a particle size distribution with a median diameter ranging between 5 to 9 µm, with no significative effect of drug/polymer ratio nor of the polymer molecular weight. The aerodynamic assessment, performed by the next-generation impactor, afforded an MMAD of 3.5 and 4.57 µm (respectively for the powder prepared with the low and high PVA molecular weight), while the fine particle fraction was near 70 % in both cases. Observations by scanning electron microscopy, evidenced spherical hollow particles, thus justifying the difference observed between geometric and aerodynamic diameter. Interestingly, levothyroxine nanostructure (with an average size between 180 and 200 nm) was present on the microparticle surface, indicating that the polymer acted as a carrier for the active ingredient nanoparticles. Levothyroxine nanoparticles were easily released from the microparticles, giving rise to the parent nanosuspension upon contact with aqueous media. Toxicity, internalization and metabolic effects of the dry powders were investigated in vitro on A549 cell line. Cell vitality was close to 95 % at all the measured time points indicating good tolerability. As for the metabolic modulation, the cells exposed to the suspensions showed a reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a variation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).Both these parameters indicate that the formulation afforded a metabolic modulation; in particular, the reduction in the ROS production is linked to the reduction of the cellular oxidative stress that play a role in the fibrosis development while MMP is related to the polarization state of the mitochondria and consequently to their integrity and functionality. The formulation was internalized to a significantly higher extent compared to the LT4 solution, likely not only for a direct effect of the formulation components but also for the great different in drug concentration in the liquid phase that can be achieved with the polymeric LT4-containg nanosuspension. In conclusion, the present thesis work demonstrates the feasibility of a powder for pulmonary administration of levothyroxine able to reach the deep lung as well as the intracellular compartment in an effective and efficient manner, thus providing a first solid and scientifically grounded element for the development of a medicinal product capable of offering a valid therapeutic response to IPF patients.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213344
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-213344