Recycled manure solids (RMS) have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional bedding materials in dairy farming, in line with the principles of circular economy and environmental sustainability. However, its adoption poses challenges, particularly in terms of microbiological risks and effects on udder health. This thesis investigates the use of RMS, with a particular focus on the use of separated raw manure solids (SRMS) and anaerobically digested manure solids (ADMS) as bedding substrates. Comparative analyses of RMS with conventional materials such as sand and sawdust were also conducted to explore their advantages and disadvantages in greater detail. The first study evaluated the effect of refrigeration and freezing prior to microbiological analysis on the bacteriological counts of SRMS, ADMS, and new sand, and showed that storage conditions impacted on the recovery of some bacterial populations, particularly Gram-negative bacteria. These findings underscore the importance of proper storage to ensure reliable microbiological analysis and valid comparisons across materials. The second study examined the effects of different concentrations of a lime-based bedding conditioner (LBC) on the physicochemical properties and microbial counts of RMS. The results showed that LBC was effective in increasing pH and dry matter (DM) content, with higher concentrations resulting in higher reductions in bacterial counts. This study highlights the potential of stabilization treatments in mitigating the microbiological risks associated with RMS. The third study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of LBC in inhibiting the growth of specific environmental mastitis-associated pathogens (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus uberis, and Enterococcus faecium) in different bedding substrates, including RMS, sand, and sawdust. LBC reduced pathogen loads in all substrates, but its effectiveness depended both on the substrate and on the pathogen characteristics. These findings suggest that LBC is a promising but contextdependent solution for pathogen control. Overall, RMS shows potential as a cost-effective and sustainable bedding option. However, their microbiological risks require attention through appropriate management and stabilization treatments. Comparative analyses with conventional materials highlight the need for rigorous on-farm evaluations to assess long-term effects on dairy cow health, welfare, and milk quality under different management conditions. This research provides practical insights for dairy farmers seeking sustainable bedding strategies while maintaining high standards of hygiene and productivity.
All’interno degli allevamenti di bovine da latte i solidi di letame riciclati (recycled manure solids, RMS) rappresentano un'alternativa sostenibile ai materiali da lettiera convenzionali, in linea con i principi dell'economia circolare e della sostenibilità ambientale. La loro adozione pone però delle sfide, soprattutto relativamente ai rischi microbiologici e alla possibile correlazione con la salute della mammella. Questa tesi investiga l'utilizzo dei RMS come lettiera per le bovine da latte, in particolare separato (separated raw manure solids, SRMS) e digestato (anaerobically digested manure solids, ADMS). I RMS sono stati inoltre comparati con i materiali convenzionali come sabbia e segatura al fine di valutarne i rispettivi vantaggi e svantaggi. Il primo studio ha valutato l'effetto di refrigerazione e congelamento sulle cariche batteriche di SRMS, ADMS e sabbia nuova, dimostrando che le condizioni di conservazione del campione possono influenzare i risultati delle analisi microbiologiche, in particolare per quanto riguarda i batteri Gram-negativi. Ciò evidenzia l'importanza di una corretta conservazione del campione per garantire analisi microbiologiche affidabili e confronti validi tra i diversi substrati. Il secondo studio ha investigato gli effetti dell’inclusione di diverse concentrazioni di un additivo per lettiere a base di calce (lime-based bedding conditioner, LBC) sulle proprietà fisico-chimiche e sulle conte microbiche dei RMS. Il LBC si è dimostrato efficace nell'aumentare il pH e il contenuto di sostanza secca (dry matter, DM), con concentrazioni più elevate correlate a una maggiore riduzione delle cariche batteriche. Questo studio ha evidenziato il potenziale dei trattamenti di stabilizzazione nell'attenuare i rischi microbiologici associati all’utilizzo di RMS. Il terzo studio ha valutato l'efficacia in vitro del LBC nei confronti di specifici patogeni ambientali associati a mastite (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus uberis, e Enterococcus faecium) in diversi substrati, tra cui RMS, sabbia e segatura. L’applicazione di LBC ha ridotto la carica dei patogeni in tutti i substrati, anche se la sua efficacia è risultata dipendente dal substrato e dal patogeno in analisi. L’utilizzo del LBC è quindi una soluzione promettente per il controllo dei patogeni, anche se dipendente dal contesto generale. Nel complesso, i RMS presentano potenziali vantaggi in quanto lettiere sostenibili ed economicamente vantaggiose. Tuttavia, i rischi microbiologici connessi richiedono un’attenta gestione e stabilizzazione con trattamenti dedicati ed adeguati. Le analisi comparative con i materiali convenzionali hanno evidenziato la necessità di rigorose valutazioni in azienda per valutare gli effetti a lungo termine sulla salute, il benessere e la qualità del latte in diverse condizioni di gestione. Questa ricerca fornisce spunti pratici per gli allevatori che cercano strategie di lettiera sostenibili, mantenendo elevati standard di igiene e produttività.
RECYCLED MANURE SOLIDS AS DAIRY COW BEDDING SUBSTRATES: MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS RELATED TO MAMMARY GLAND HEALTH
FUSAR POLI, SARA
2025
Abstract
Recycled manure solids (RMS) have emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional bedding materials in dairy farming, in line with the principles of circular economy and environmental sustainability. However, its adoption poses challenges, particularly in terms of microbiological risks and effects on udder health. This thesis investigates the use of RMS, with a particular focus on the use of separated raw manure solids (SRMS) and anaerobically digested manure solids (ADMS) as bedding substrates. Comparative analyses of RMS with conventional materials such as sand and sawdust were also conducted to explore their advantages and disadvantages in greater detail. The first study evaluated the effect of refrigeration and freezing prior to microbiological analysis on the bacteriological counts of SRMS, ADMS, and new sand, and showed that storage conditions impacted on the recovery of some bacterial populations, particularly Gram-negative bacteria. These findings underscore the importance of proper storage to ensure reliable microbiological analysis and valid comparisons across materials. The second study examined the effects of different concentrations of a lime-based bedding conditioner (LBC) on the physicochemical properties and microbial counts of RMS. The results showed that LBC was effective in increasing pH and dry matter (DM) content, with higher concentrations resulting in higher reductions in bacterial counts. This study highlights the potential of stabilization treatments in mitigating the microbiological risks associated with RMS. The third study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of LBC in inhibiting the growth of specific environmental mastitis-associated pathogens (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus uberis, and Enterococcus faecium) in different bedding substrates, including RMS, sand, and sawdust. LBC reduced pathogen loads in all substrates, but its effectiveness depended both on the substrate and on the pathogen characteristics. These findings suggest that LBC is a promising but contextdependent solution for pathogen control. Overall, RMS shows potential as a cost-effective and sustainable bedding option. However, their microbiological risks require attention through appropriate management and stabilization treatments. Comparative analyses with conventional materials highlight the need for rigorous on-farm evaluations to assess long-term effects on dairy cow health, welfare, and milk quality under different management conditions. This research provides practical insights for dairy farmers seeking sustainable bedding strategies while maintaining high standards of hygiene and productivity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213478
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-213478