In the digital age, Internet memes have emerged as a pervasive mode of online communication, significantly impacting how political information is disseminated and consumed. This dissertation explores the multifaceted role of political Internet memes in informing younger generations and provides early insights on the emergence of a meme-news market on social media. Despite the growing "memeification of politics," there remains a paucity of empirical research on how meme-based communication influences individual political behaviors and opinions. This study seeks to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive theoretical framework, developing an operational definition of Internet memes, and empirically investigating their effects on users’ political engagement, opinions formation, and knowledge acquisition. The first part of the dissertation delves into the complex relationship between political Internet memes and public opinion. By integrating insights from sociology, media and communication studies, cultural studies, and humor research, it offers a theoretical framework that elucidates the phenomenon of political meme sharing on social media. This framework addresses the mechanisms through which memes can influence users' political knowledge and opinions, considering most recent empirical findings in light of traditional media effects theories. A critical review of existing experimental studies highlights significant gaps in the literature, particularly the lack of a standardized definition of Internet memes, which hampers empirical investigation and, especially, the use of experimental methodologies. To address this definitional challenge, the second part of the dissertation proposes a parsimonious operational definition of Internet memes. Through a logical examination of necessary and sufficient conditions, it identifies the essential attributes that constitute an Internet meme. The study presents a set of three essential indicators to guide scholars in selecting and creating memes for experimental research. This operationalization provides a methodological tool that enables the quantification and empirical analysis of memes, thereby advancing the study of this digital phenomenon within the social sciences. The third part examines whether political Internet memes satisfy the news consumption’ s habits and preferences of younger generations, who increasingly favor passive and incidental exposure to information on social media. By conducting an ethnographic observation within the newsroom of "AQTR"—Italy's largest political meme page—and surveying its followers, the study analyzes both the supply and demand sides of this emerging meme market. Findings reveal that political meme pages play a significant role in informing younger audiences, often exerting more influence on their news consumption than traditional journalists or news outlets. The research also uncovers a trend toward the professionalization of political meme-making, with content creators recognizing the potential for monetization and seeking to establish themselves as legitimate media actors. Building on these insights, the fourth part investigates whether political Internet memes can make hard news more attractive and engaging to young adults compared to traditional journalistic content. Utilizing an experimental approach on Instagram through Meta Ads' parallel randomized A/B tests, the study engages approximately 350,000 users in a large-scale online field experiment. Results indicate that political Internet memes outperform traditional informative posts across all measured behavioral metrics, including views, screen time, and likes. The study also finds that familiarity with the content source moderates user preference, with memes being more appealing when the source is unfamiliar. Interestingly, older cohorts displayed a higher responsiveness to memes than millennials and genZ, suggesting specific generational audience dynamics. Overall, findings indicate that political Internet memes have a greater potential to reach and engage younger generations with news and political content than traditional formats. The final part of the dissertation explores the impact of political Internet memes on political knowledge acquisition and opinion formation. Through an online factorial experiment with 1,781 participants, the study examines whether memes encourage a subsequent or deeper information-seeking behavior, or it limits to induce a superficial consumption, and the extent to which memes can shape users' opinions through priming and framing effects. The results show that while the fast-paced environment of social media may discourage extensive information-seeking, political Internet memes still contribute to improving users' political knowledge on par with traditional informative posts. However, the knowledge gained is not substantial and tends to fade quickly. Additionally, although memes can establish framing and priming effects, their influence on users' interpretations of news is mild and unlikely to result in radicalization or increased polarization. In conclusion, this dissertation advances the understanding of meme-news as a new mediatic phenomenon in contemporary political communication. It demonstrates that memes are not only tools for entertainment but also serve as important vehicles for political information dissemination among younger audiences. Compared to traditional journalistic content shared on social media, memes have a greater potential to enhance users’ reach and engagement with hard news and political events. However, their impact on deepening political knowledge and significantly altering opinions is limited. The research underscores the necessity for further studies to explore the informative effects of political Internet memes within the digital media ecosystem and their implications for democratic discourse.
Nell'era digitale, i meme su Internet sono emersi come una modalità pervasiva di comunicazione online, influenzando significativamente il modo in cui l’informazione politica viene diffusa e fruita dalle persone. Questa dissertazione esplora il ruolo sfaccettato dei meme politici nell'informare le giovani generazioni e fornisce le prime analisi sull'emergere di un mercato della meme-informazione sui social media. Nonostante la crescente "memificazione della politica", persiste una scarsità di ricerche empiriche su come i meme, rielaborando notizie e avvenimenti politici in chiave umoristica, influenzino i comportamenti e le opinioni politiche degli individui. Questo studio cerca di colmare questa lacuna fornendo un quadro teorico completo, sviluppando una definizione operativa dei meme su Internet ed esaminando empiricamente i loro effetti sulla capacità di attrarre l’attenzione e l’interesse degli utenti, sulla formazione delle opinioni politiche e sull'acquisizione di conoscenze. La prima parte della dissertazione approfondisce la complessa relazione tra i meme politici e l'opinione pubblica. Integrando contributi dalla sociologia, dagli studi sui media e la comunicazione, dagli studi culturali e dalla ricerca sull'umorismo, offre un quadro teorico che mappa e chiarisce il fenomeno della condivisione di meme politici sui social media. Dopodiché, interpreta i più recenti risultati empirici alla luce delle teorie sugli effetti dei media tradizionali, per individuare i meccanismi attraverso i quali i meme possono influenzare la conoscenza politica e le opinioni degli utenti. La revisione critica degli studi sperimentali esistenti evidenzia significative lacune nella letteratura, in particolare la mancanza di una definizione operativa standardizzata dei meme su Internet, che ostacola l'indagine empirica e specialmente l’impiego di metodologie sperimentali. Per affrontare questa sfida definitoria, la seconda parte della dissertazione propone una definizione operativa parsimoniosa dei meme su Internet. Attraverso un esame logico delle condizioni necessarie e sufficienti, identifica gli attributi essenziali che costituiscono un meme su Internet. Lo studio presenta un insieme di tre indicatori essenziali per guidare gli studiosi nella selezione e creazione di meme per la ricerca sperimentale. Questa operazionalizzazione fornisce uno strumento metodologico che consente la quantificazione e l'analisi empirica dei meme, avanzando così lo studio di questo fenomeno digitale nelle scienze sociali. La terza parte esamina se i meme politici su Internet possano soddisfare le abitudini e preferenze informative delle giovani generazioni, sempre più caratterizzate da un'esposizione passiva e incidentale all’ informazione che circola sui social media. Attraverso un'osservazione etnografica all'interno della redazione di "AQTR"—la più grande pagina di meme politici in Italia—e un sondaggio tra i suoi follower, lo studio analizza sia l'offerta che la domanda di questo emergente mercato della meme-informazione. I risultati rivelano che le pagine di meme politici svolgono un ruolo significativo nell'informare le giovani audience, esercitando spesso maggiore influenza sul loro consumo di notizie rispetto a giornalisti e media tradizionali. Inoltre, la ricerca svela una tendenza verso la professionalizzazione della creazione di meme politici, con i creatori di contenuti che riconoscono il potenziale di monetizzazione e cercano di affermarsi come nuovi legittimi attori mediatici. Basandosi su queste premesse, la quarta parte testa se i meme politici rendano effettivamente le notizie politiche più attraenti e coinvolgenti per i giovani rispetto ai contenuti giornalistici tradizionali. Utilizzando un approccio sperimentale attraverso una serie test A/B randomizzati con il servizio Meta Ads, lo studio coinvolge circa 350.000 utenti di Instagram in un esperimento online sul campo su larga scala. I risultati indicano che i meme politici superano i post informativi tradizionali in tutte le metriche comportamentali misurate: visualizzazioni, tempo di visualizzazione e "mi piace". Lo studio rileva anche che la familiarità con la fonte del contenuto modera le preferenze degli utenti, con i meme che risultano particolarmente più attraenti quando la fonte è sconosciuta. Inaspettatamente, le coorti più anziane hanno mostrato una maggiore reattività ai meme rispetto ai millennial e alla Gen Z, suggerendo l’influenza di specifiche dinamiche generazionali sul comportamento pubblico. Nel complesso, i risultati indicano che i meme politici hanno un maggiore potenziale di raggiungere e coinvolgere le giovani generazioni con notizie e contenuti politici rispetto ai formati tradizionali. La parte finale della dissertazione esplora l'impatto dei meme politici su sull'acquisizione di informazione e sulla formazione delle opinioni. Attraverso un esperimento fattoriale online con 1.781 partecipanti, lo studio esamina se i meme incoraggino una successiva o più approfondita ricerca di informazioni o si limitino ad attivare a un consumo superficiale delle notizie, e la misura in cui possono plasmare le opinioni degli utenti attraverso effetti di priming e framing. I risultati mostrano che, sebbene la logica a flusso continuo dei social media possa scoraggiare una ricerca approfondita di informazioni, i meme politici contribuiscono comunque a migliorare la conoscenza politica degli utenti al pari dei post informativi tradizionali. Tuttavia, l’informazione acquisita non è sostanziale e tende a svanire rapidamente. Inoltre, sebbene i meme possano stabilire effetti di framing e priming, la loro influenza sull'interpretazione delle notizie da parte degli utenti è lieve e improbabile che porti a una radicalizzazione o un aumento della polarizzazione. In conclusione, questa dissertazione avanza la comprensione della meme-informazione come nuovo fenomeno mediatico nella comunicazione politica contemporanea. Dimostra che i meme non sono solo strumenti di intrattenimento, ma servono anche come importanti veicoli per la diffusione di informazioni politiche tra il pubblico più giovane. Rispetto ai contenuti giornalistici tradizionali condivisi sui social media, i meme politici hanno un maggiore potenziale di raggiungere e coinvolgere gli utenti. Tuttavia, il loro impatto sul livello di informazione e nell'alterare significativamente le opinioni delle persone è limitato. La ricerca sottolinea la necessità di ulteriori studi per esplorare gli effetti informativi dei meme politici all'interno dell'ecosistema dei media digitali e le loro implicazioni per il discorso democratico.
THE EMERGING MARKET OF MEME-NEWS: HOW POLITICAL INTERNET MEMES INFORM YOUNG ADULTS AND SHAPE THEIR POLITICAL OPINIONS
SACCOMANNO, PIETRO
2025
Abstract
In the digital age, Internet memes have emerged as a pervasive mode of online communication, significantly impacting how political information is disseminated and consumed. This dissertation explores the multifaceted role of political Internet memes in informing younger generations and provides early insights on the emergence of a meme-news market on social media. Despite the growing "memeification of politics," there remains a paucity of empirical research on how meme-based communication influences individual political behaviors and opinions. This study seeks to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive theoretical framework, developing an operational definition of Internet memes, and empirically investigating their effects on users’ political engagement, opinions formation, and knowledge acquisition. The first part of the dissertation delves into the complex relationship between political Internet memes and public opinion. By integrating insights from sociology, media and communication studies, cultural studies, and humor research, it offers a theoretical framework that elucidates the phenomenon of political meme sharing on social media. This framework addresses the mechanisms through which memes can influence users' political knowledge and opinions, considering most recent empirical findings in light of traditional media effects theories. A critical review of existing experimental studies highlights significant gaps in the literature, particularly the lack of a standardized definition of Internet memes, which hampers empirical investigation and, especially, the use of experimental methodologies. To address this definitional challenge, the second part of the dissertation proposes a parsimonious operational definition of Internet memes. Through a logical examination of necessary and sufficient conditions, it identifies the essential attributes that constitute an Internet meme. The study presents a set of three essential indicators to guide scholars in selecting and creating memes for experimental research. This operationalization provides a methodological tool that enables the quantification and empirical analysis of memes, thereby advancing the study of this digital phenomenon within the social sciences. The third part examines whether political Internet memes satisfy the news consumption’ s habits and preferences of younger generations, who increasingly favor passive and incidental exposure to information on social media. By conducting an ethnographic observation within the newsroom of "AQTR"—Italy's largest political meme page—and surveying its followers, the study analyzes both the supply and demand sides of this emerging meme market. Findings reveal that political meme pages play a significant role in informing younger audiences, often exerting more influence on their news consumption than traditional journalists or news outlets. The research also uncovers a trend toward the professionalization of political meme-making, with content creators recognizing the potential for monetization and seeking to establish themselves as legitimate media actors. Building on these insights, the fourth part investigates whether political Internet memes can make hard news more attractive and engaging to young adults compared to traditional journalistic content. Utilizing an experimental approach on Instagram through Meta Ads' parallel randomized A/B tests, the study engages approximately 350,000 users in a large-scale online field experiment. Results indicate that political Internet memes outperform traditional informative posts across all measured behavioral metrics, including views, screen time, and likes. The study also finds that familiarity with the content source moderates user preference, with memes being more appealing when the source is unfamiliar. Interestingly, older cohorts displayed a higher responsiveness to memes than millennials and genZ, suggesting specific generational audience dynamics. Overall, findings indicate that political Internet memes have a greater potential to reach and engage younger generations with news and political content than traditional formats. The final part of the dissertation explores the impact of political Internet memes on political knowledge acquisition and opinion formation. Through an online factorial experiment with 1,781 participants, the study examines whether memes encourage a subsequent or deeper information-seeking behavior, or it limits to induce a superficial consumption, and the extent to which memes can shape users' opinions through priming and framing effects. The results show that while the fast-paced environment of social media may discourage extensive information-seeking, political Internet memes still contribute to improving users' political knowledge on par with traditional informative posts. However, the knowledge gained is not substantial and tends to fade quickly. Additionally, although memes can establish framing and priming effects, their influence on users' interpretations of news is mild and unlikely to result in radicalization or increased polarization. In conclusion, this dissertation advances the understanding of meme-news as a new mediatic phenomenon in contemporary political communication. It demonstrates that memes are not only tools for entertainment but also serve as important vehicles for political information dissemination among younger audiences. Compared to traditional journalistic content shared on social media, memes have a greater potential to enhance users’ reach and engagement with hard news and political events. However, their impact on deepening political knowledge and significantly altering opinions is limited. The research underscores the necessity for further studies to explore the informative effects of political Internet memes within the digital media ecosystem and their implications for democratic discourse.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213479
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-213479