Italy is the European Country with the greatest biological richness, hosting over a third and almost half of European fauna and flora. This biodiversity represents a key factor for sustainable development, both from an environmental and socio-economic perspective. Nevertheless, this wealth is at risk, as numerous breeds and varieties continue to disappear year after year. One of the sectors most affected by the loss of genetic resources is horticulture. In Apulia, an Italian region, most varieties used by local farmers derive from improved varieties developed by breeders from other Italian regions or, more frequently, from other European countries. Indeed, the Common Catalogue and the National Register of vegetable species varieties include only 17 vegetable varieties registered by Apulian breeders and seed companies, compared to nearly 2,000 improved varieties registered in Italy and approximately 22,000 across Europe. Therefore, given this scenario, it becomes necessary to research, conserve and protect local vegetable varieties at risk of erosion or extinction. This thesis started from this basis to address different strategies aimed at protecting and enhancing the vegetable biodiversity of Apulia. The research activities were carried out as part of the ‘Biodiversity of Apulian Fruit Vegetables’ (BiodiverSO Karpos - Regione Puglia, Rural Development Program 2014–2022) at: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro; Experimental Farm ‘La Noria' (in the countryside of Mola di Bari, BA); Agricultural Cooperative ‘BioSolequo’ (in the countryside of Ostuni, BR). With regard to the activities of recovery and characterization of fruit vegetables landraces, the main focus was placed on landraces of immature melons, mainly “Barattiere” and “Carosello” (Cucumis melo L.). In this regard, nine local varieties of C. melo were characterized according to the latest guidelines in the field. Unique peculiarities were identified, useful for the identification and potential commercial exploitation of these landraces. The analyses allowed the identification of bitter fruit samples in one of the landraces of C. melo considered: the 'Carosello Scopatizzo' and after developing an extraction and analysis protocol for the detection of cucurbitacin molecules in 'Scopatizzo' fruits, were found – for the first time in the literature – cucurbitacin R, D, B, and 23,24-dihydro-cucurbitacin B in fruits of this landrace. Moreover, from a regulatory-legal perspective, this thesis analysed two useful tools for protecting and enhancing vegetable landraces: the conservation varieties regime (Directive 98/95/EC) and the recognition of Italian Traditional Agri-food Product (TAP) (Legislative Decree 173/1998), for which strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities have been identified in relation to the objectives of this study. The strategies and tools analysed and described in this thesis represent a solid basis for the protection and enhancement of local vegetable varieties. In addition, the study contributed to the development of a new research paradigm. The protection of horticultural agrobiodiversity requires an approach that goes beyond the mere recovery and conservation of genetic resources, favouring, instead, the active cultivation of landraces. This approach makes it possible to create the conditions for these varieties to readapt and evolve over time. To summarize, it can be said that to protect biodiversity, it is necessary to increase biodiversity.
L’Italia è il Paese europeo con la maggiore ricchezza biologica: ospita oltre un terzo della fauna e circa la metà della flora europee. Tale biodiversità rappresenta uno dei fattori chiave per lo sviluppo sostenibile, sia dal punto di vista ambientale che socioeconomico. Ciononostante, tale ricchezza è a rischio e numerose razze e varietà continuano a scomparire di anno in anno. In questo scenario, uno dei settori in cui si perde il maggior numero di risorse genetiche è l’orticoltura. In Puglia la maggior parte delle varietà utilizzate dagli agricoltori derivano da varietà migliorate, selezionate da costitutori di altre regioni italiane o, ancora più spesso, di altri Paesi europei: nel Catalogo Comune delle varietà delle specie orticole sono presenti solamente 17 varietà orticole registrate da ditte sementiere pugliesi, a fronte delle quasi 2000 varietà migliorate registrate in Italia e circa 22.000 varietà europee. A fronte di questo scenario, diviene dunque necessario recuperare, caratterizzare e conservare le varietà locali ortive a rischio di estinzione/erosione. La presente tesi è partita da queste basi per trattare differenti strategie finalizzate a tutelare e valorizzare la biodiversità orticola della Puglia. Le attività di ricerca sono state svolte nell’ambito del progetto “Biodiversità delle specie orticole pugliesi da frutto – BiodiverSO Karpos” (Regione Puglia, Programma di Sviluppo Rurale 2014-2022) presso: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti dell’Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Azienda sperimentale “La Noria” (in agro di Mola di Bari, BA); Cooperativa Agricola BioSolequo (in agro di Ostuni, BR). In merito alle attività di recupero e caratterizzazione di varietà locali di ortaggi da frutto, è stata posta l’attenzione principalmente su varietà locali di meloni immaturi, principalmente barattiere e carosello (Cucumis melo L.). In tal senso, sono state caratterizzate nove varietà locali utilizzando le più recenti linee guida di settore. Sono stati individuati caratteri unici e peculiarità, utili all’identificazione e alla potenziale valorizzazione commerciale di tali varietà locali. Le analisi hanno permesso di individuare campioni di frutti amari in una delle varietà locali di C. melo considerate, il carosello ‘Scopatizzo’, e conseguemente allo sviluppo di un protocollo di estrazione e analisi in grado di individuare la presenza di molecole di cucurbitacina nei frutti di ‘Scopatizzo’, sono state individuate, per la prima volta, molecole di cucurbitacine (cucurbitacina R, D, B e la 23,24-diidro-cucurbitacina B). Le strategie e gli strumenti analizzati e descritti nella tesi rappresentano una solida base per la tutela e la valorizzazione delle varietà locali di ortaggi. Lo studio ha contribuito allo sviluppo di un nuovo paradigma di ricerca: la protezione dell’agrobiodiversità orticola richiede un approccio che superi il mero recupero e la conservazione statica delle risorse genetiche, privilegiando invece la coltivazione attiva delle varietà locali. Tale approccio consente di creare le condizioni affinché queste varietà possano meglio adattarsi ed evolvere nel tempo. In sintesi, è possibile affermare che per proteggere la biodiversità è necessario aumentare la biodiversità.
Protection and valorisation of Apulian Fruit Vegetables
DIDONNA, ADRIANO
2025
Abstract
Italy is the European Country with the greatest biological richness, hosting over a third and almost half of European fauna and flora. This biodiversity represents a key factor for sustainable development, both from an environmental and socio-economic perspective. Nevertheless, this wealth is at risk, as numerous breeds and varieties continue to disappear year after year. One of the sectors most affected by the loss of genetic resources is horticulture. In Apulia, an Italian region, most varieties used by local farmers derive from improved varieties developed by breeders from other Italian regions or, more frequently, from other European countries. Indeed, the Common Catalogue and the National Register of vegetable species varieties include only 17 vegetable varieties registered by Apulian breeders and seed companies, compared to nearly 2,000 improved varieties registered in Italy and approximately 22,000 across Europe. Therefore, given this scenario, it becomes necessary to research, conserve and protect local vegetable varieties at risk of erosion or extinction. This thesis started from this basis to address different strategies aimed at protecting and enhancing the vegetable biodiversity of Apulia. The research activities were carried out as part of the ‘Biodiversity of Apulian Fruit Vegetables’ (BiodiverSO Karpos - Regione Puglia, Rural Development Program 2014–2022) at: Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro; Experimental Farm ‘La Noria' (in the countryside of Mola di Bari, BA); Agricultural Cooperative ‘BioSolequo’ (in the countryside of Ostuni, BR). With regard to the activities of recovery and characterization of fruit vegetables landraces, the main focus was placed on landraces of immature melons, mainly “Barattiere” and “Carosello” (Cucumis melo L.). In this regard, nine local varieties of C. melo were characterized according to the latest guidelines in the field. Unique peculiarities were identified, useful for the identification and potential commercial exploitation of these landraces. The analyses allowed the identification of bitter fruit samples in one of the landraces of C. melo considered: the 'Carosello Scopatizzo' and after developing an extraction and analysis protocol for the detection of cucurbitacin molecules in 'Scopatizzo' fruits, were found – for the first time in the literature – cucurbitacin R, D, B, and 23,24-dihydro-cucurbitacin B in fruits of this landrace. Moreover, from a regulatory-legal perspective, this thesis analysed two useful tools for protecting and enhancing vegetable landraces: the conservation varieties regime (Directive 98/95/EC) and the recognition of Italian Traditional Agri-food Product (TAP) (Legislative Decree 173/1998), for which strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities have been identified in relation to the objectives of this study. The strategies and tools analysed and described in this thesis represent a solid basis for the protection and enhancement of local vegetable varieties. In addition, the study contributed to the development of a new research paradigm. The protection of horticultural agrobiodiversity requires an approach that goes beyond the mere recovery and conservation of genetic resources, favouring, instead, the active cultivation of landraces. This approach makes it possible to create the conditions for these varieties to readapt and evolve over time. To summarize, it can be said that to protect biodiversity, it is necessary to increase biodiversity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213888
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-213888