Climate change, driven by human activities such as deforestation, and industrial emissions, has led to drastic alterations in global weather patterns. This phenomenon has created profound impacts on various sectors, especially in agriculture, which depends on stable climatic conditions. Mediterranean areas have been identified as climate change hotspot due to their susceptibility to rising temperatures, shifts in precipitation patterns, constant droughts, and the increased frequency of extreme weather events. In Apulia, the olive sector, which plays a critical role in both the local economy and cultural heritage, faces the effects of climate change combined with the spread of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (XFP). In response to these challenges, this work investigates the potential land suitability of six fruit tree species in XFP-infected areas in Apulia, including almond (Prunus dulcis B.), fig (Ficus carica L.), hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis P.), pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). These species were selected for their resistance or immunity to XFP. Using climate and soil data, land suitability maps were generated through GIS tools. The analysis revealed that pomegranate has the highest suitability for these areas, followed by fig, almond, kiwifruit, and pistachio, while hazelnut showed the lowest. Additionally, the research expanded to include eight additional fruit tree species, including Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) and minor crops, e.g. Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.), Hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.), Avocado (Persea americana Mill.), Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.), Mulberry (Morus alba L.,), Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.), Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill.), Walnut (Juglans regia L.). Results demonstrated that carob (resistance to drought), loquat, and hawthorn had the major suitability, while avocado and walnut exhibited limited adaptability due to specific climate and soil needs. Finally, the study investigates the sprout growth dynamics of four olive cultivars (‘Arbequina’, ‘Coratina’, ‘Frantoio’, and ‘Urano’) cultivated in a super high-density (SHD) orchard under Mediterranean conditions. The analysis focused on the elongation of four sprout types— apical proleptic, lateral proleptic, sylleptic, and adventitious—using a logistic growth model. The results revealed that single-phase logistic growth was predominant across most cultivars and sprout types, with ‘Coratina’ and ‘Urano’ showing double-phase growth in lateral proleptic and adventitious sprouts, indicating a more complex growth pattern. While Growing Degree Days (GDD) and water availability had no significant effect on sprout growth, crop load was identified as a crucial factor, as far as with a high crop load corresponded to a reduction of lateral proleptic sprout elongation, showing competition between reproductive and vegetative cycle. This effect was particularly pronounced in ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Urano’. This study is the first to explore the growth dynamics of four different sprout types across olive cultivars with varying vigor levels in an SHD system, providing valuable insights for optimizing cultivar-specific management practices such as pruning and crop load regulation to enhance yield efficiency and sustainability in SHD olive orchards. Overall, this thesis underscores the need for adaptive strategies in agriculture that integrate both ecological suitability and innovative orchard management techniques, offering practical solutions to the challenges of climate change in vulnerable regions like Apulia.
Il cambiamento climatico, causato dall’attività dell’uomo come la deforestazione e le emissioni di gas serra, ha portato a drastici cambiamenti nei modelli meteorologici globali. Questo fenomeno ha avuto impatti profondi su vari settori, in particolare quello agricolo, che dipende da condizioni climatiche stabili. Le aree mediterranee sono state identificate come zone hotspot del cambiamento climatico a causa della loro suscettibilità all'aumento delle temperature, ai cambiamenti nei modelli di precipitazione, alla continua siccità e all'aumento frequente di eventi meteorologici estremi. In Puglia, il settore olivicolo, che svolge un ruolo fondamentale sia economico che storico, deve affrontare gli effetti del cambiamento climatico combinati con la diffusione del batterio Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (XFP). In risposta a queste sfide, questo lavoro ha analizzato la vocazionalità di sei specie arboree da frutto in aree infette da XFP in Puglia, tra cui mandorlo (Prunus dulcis B.), fico (Ficus carica L.), nocciolo (Corylus avellana L.), actinidia (Actinidia chinensis P.), pistacchio (Pistacia vera L.) e melograno (Punica granatum L.). Queste specie sono state selezionate per la loro resistenza e/o immunità a XFP. Utilizzando dati climatici e pedologici, sono state generate mappe di vocazionalità territoriale attraverso strumenti GIS (sistemi di informazione geografica). L'analisi ha rilevato che il melograno presenta la maggiore adattabilità per queste aree, seguito da fico, mandorlo, kiwi e pistacchio, mentre il nocciòlo ha mostrato il valore più basso. Inoltre, la ricerca è stata ampliata per includere altre otto specie arboree da frutto, tra cui specie NUS e colture minori, come carrubo (Ceratonia siliqua L.,), azzeruolo (Crataegus azarolus L.), avocado (Persea americana Mill.,), nespolo del Giappone (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.), gelso (Morus alba L.), diospiro (Diospyros kaki L.f.,), fico d'india (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) e noce (Juglans regia L.). I risultati hanno dimostrato che carrubo (resistente alla siccità), nespolo del Giappone e azzeruolo presentano una maggiore vocazionalità, mentre avocado e noce hanno mostrato una limitata adattabilità a causa di specifiche esigenze climatiche e pedologiche. Infine, lo studio ha analizzato le dinamiche di crescita dei germogli di quattro cultivar di olivo (‘Arbequina’, ‘Coratina’, ‘Frantoio’, e ‘Urano’) coltivate in un oliveto ad alta densità (SHD) in condizioni climatiche mediterranee. L'analisi si è concentrata sulla crescita di quattro tipi di germoglio: prolettici apicali e laterali, sillettici e avventizi, utilizzando una funzione di regressione logistica.I risultati hanno rivelato che la crescita logistica a singola fase è stata predominante nella maggior parte delle cultivar, per i diversi tipi di germoglio, con ‘Coratina’ e ‘Urano’ che hanno mostrato una seconda fase di crescita nei germogli laterali prolettici e avventizi, indicando un modello di crescita più complesso. Sebbene i gradi giorno (GDD) e la disponibilità idrica non abbiano avuto un effetto significativo sulla crescita dei germogli, il carico produttivo è stato identificato come fattore cruciale, poiché ad una produzione maggiore si è osservata una riduzione dell'allungamento dei germogli laterali prolettici, mostrando una competizione tra ciclo riproduttivo e vegetativo. Questo effetto è stato particolarmente pronunciato nelle cultivar ‘Frantoio’ e ‘Urano’. Infine, questa tesi sottolinea la necessità di adottare strategie che integrino sia studi di vocazionalità che tecniche innovative di gestione dei frutteti, offrendo soluzioni pratiche alle sfide del cambiamento climatico in regioni vulnerabili come la Puglia.
Analisi di vocazionalità e adattamento climatico delle colture arboree da frutto in Puglia
COSTANZA, LEONARDO
2025
Abstract
Climate change, driven by human activities such as deforestation, and industrial emissions, has led to drastic alterations in global weather patterns. This phenomenon has created profound impacts on various sectors, especially in agriculture, which depends on stable climatic conditions. Mediterranean areas have been identified as climate change hotspot due to their susceptibility to rising temperatures, shifts in precipitation patterns, constant droughts, and the increased frequency of extreme weather events. In Apulia, the olive sector, which plays a critical role in both the local economy and cultural heritage, faces the effects of climate change combined with the spread of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (XFP). In response to these challenges, this work investigates the potential land suitability of six fruit tree species in XFP-infected areas in Apulia, including almond (Prunus dulcis B.), fig (Ficus carica L.), hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis P.), pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). These species were selected for their resistance or immunity to XFP. Using climate and soil data, land suitability maps were generated through GIS tools. The analysis revealed that pomegranate has the highest suitability for these areas, followed by fig, almond, kiwifruit, and pistachio, while hazelnut showed the lowest. Additionally, the research expanded to include eight additional fruit tree species, including Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) and minor crops, e.g. Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.), Hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.), Avocado (Persea americana Mill.), Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.), Mulberry (Morus alba L.,), Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.), Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus- indica (L.) Mill.), Walnut (Juglans regia L.). Results demonstrated that carob (resistance to drought), loquat, and hawthorn had the major suitability, while avocado and walnut exhibited limited adaptability due to specific climate and soil needs. Finally, the study investigates the sprout growth dynamics of four olive cultivars (‘Arbequina’, ‘Coratina’, ‘Frantoio’, and ‘Urano’) cultivated in a super high-density (SHD) orchard under Mediterranean conditions. The analysis focused on the elongation of four sprout types— apical proleptic, lateral proleptic, sylleptic, and adventitious—using a logistic growth model. The results revealed that single-phase logistic growth was predominant across most cultivars and sprout types, with ‘Coratina’ and ‘Urano’ showing double-phase growth in lateral proleptic and adventitious sprouts, indicating a more complex growth pattern. While Growing Degree Days (GDD) and water availability had no significant effect on sprout growth, crop load was identified as a crucial factor, as far as with a high crop load corresponded to a reduction of lateral proleptic sprout elongation, showing competition between reproductive and vegetative cycle. This effect was particularly pronounced in ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Urano’. This study is the first to explore the growth dynamics of four different sprout types across olive cultivars with varying vigor levels in an SHD system, providing valuable insights for optimizing cultivar-specific management practices such as pruning and crop load regulation to enhance yield efficiency and sustainability in SHD olive orchards. Overall, this thesis underscores the need for adaptive strategies in agriculture that integrate both ecological suitability and innovative orchard management techniques, offering practical solutions to the challenges of climate change in vulnerable regions like Apulia.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213891
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-213891