This thesis aims to explore the differential role of outdoor and indoor environments in physical activity (PA) during a historical period marked by growing challenges to public health and environmental sustainability. The research aligns with the WHO’s 2030 objectives, which aim for a 15% reduction in physical inactivity and the implementation of urban policies for active mobility. The thesis is structured into two distinct yet complementary parts: theoretical and experimental. The theoretical section includes a comprehensive review of the scientific literature analyzing: (1) the multidimensional benefits of outdoor PA across diverse populations, with a particular focus on the underlying physiological and psychological mechanisms; (2) the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PA habits and subsequent behavioral changes; (3) the emerging role of new technologies in promoting active lifestyles, emphasizing the potential of immersive technologies; and (4) the implications for environmental sustainability and green practices. The experimental section consists of two studies investigating the effects of PA in different contexts. The first study, a randomized crossover trial involving thirty-one young adults (20M, 11F; age 24.3±3.2 years; BMI 23.5±3.6 kg/m²), compared the acute effects of three cycling modes: augmented reality cycling (ARC), virtual reality cycling (VRC), and outdoor cycling (OUTC). Investigated variables included physiological parameters (heart rate) and psychological factors (enjoyment, intrinsic motivation, and intention to engage in green exercise). Results highlighted the superior efficacy of the outdoor environment in promoting motivational and enjoyment aspects (p<0.001), despite immersive technologies eliciting more intense physiological responses. The second study, a twelve-week randomized controlled trial, involved thirty-three adults and older adults with stabilized cardiovascular conditions (19M and 14F; age 69.5±4.9 years; BMI 27.34±4.95 kg/m²). Participants were assigned to three groups: outdoor multicomponent training (OMTG), indoor multicomponent training (IMTG), and a control group (CG). The intervention assessed hemodynamic parameters, physical fitness, and quality of life. Both intervention groups showed significant improvements in hemodynamic parameters and physical fitness (p<0.001) compared to the control group, with the outdoor group demonstrating superior benefits in psychological domains (p<0.001) compared to the indoor group. Overall, this research provides new scientific evidence on the differential efficacy of outdoor and indoor environments in promoting PA. The findings underscore the importance of integrating outdoor activities into health promotion programs while acknowledging their limitations. The implications of these results are relevant for developing exercise programs that effectively balance health benefits with environmental sustainability, offering insights for professionals in the field
La presente tesi intende esplorare il ruolo differenziale degli ambienti outdoor e indoor nell'attività fisica (AF), in un momento storico caratterizzato da crescenti sfide per la salute pubblica e la sostenibilità ambientale. La ricerca si inserisce nel contesto degli obiettivi dell'OMS per il 2030, che mirano a una riduzione del 15% dell'inattività fisica e all'implementazione di politiche urbane per la mobilità attiva. L'elaborato si articola in due parti distinte e complementari: una teorica e una sperimentale. La parte teorica comprende un'ampia rassegna della letteratura scientifica che analizza: (1) i benefici multidimensionali dell'AF outdoor nelle diverse popolazioni, con particolare attenzione ai meccanismi fisiologici e psicologici sottostanti; (2) l'impatto della pandemia COVID-19 sulle abitudini di AF e le conseguenti modifiche comportamentali; (3) il ruolo emergente delle nuove tecnologie nella promozione di stili di vita attivi, con focus sulle potenzialità delle tecnologie immersive; (4) le implicazioni per la sostenibilità ambientale e le pratiche green. La parte sperimentale si compone di due studi che indagano gli effetti dell'AF in contesti diversi. Il primo studio, un trial randomizzato cross-over condotto su trentuno giovani adulti (20M e 11F; età 24,3±3,2 anni; BMI 23,5±3,6 kg/m2), ha confrontato gli effetti acuti di tre diverse modalità di ciclismo: con realtà aumentata (ERC), con realtà virtuale (VRC) e outdoor (OUTC). Le variabili investigate hanno incluso parametri fisiologici (frequenza cardiaca) e psicologici (enjoyment, motivazione intrinseca e intenzione di svolgere esercizio green). I risultati hanno evidenziato la superiore efficacia dell'ambiente outdoor nel promuovere aspetti motivazionali e di enjoyment (p<0,001), nonostante le tecnologie immersive abbiano elicitato risposte fisiologiche più intense. Il secondo studio, un trial randomizzato controllato della durata di dodici settimane, ha coinvolto trentatré adulti e anziani con patologie cardiovascolari stabilizzate (19M e 14F; età 69,5±4,9 anni; BMI 27,34±4,95 kg/m²). I partecipanti sono stati assegnati a tre gruppi: allenamento multicomponente outdoor (OMTG), allenamento multicomponente indoor (IMTG) e gruppo di controllo (CG). L'intervento ha valutato parametri emodinamici, fitness fisica e qualità della vita. Entrambi i gruppi di intervento hanno mostrato miglioramenti significativi nei parametri emodinamici e nella fitness fisica (p<0,001) rispetto al gruppo di controllo, con il gruppo outdoor che ha evidenziato benefici superiori per i domini psicologici (p<0,001) rispetto a quello indoor. Complessivamente, questa linea di ricerca fornisce nuove evidenze scientifiche sull'efficacia differenziale degli ambienti outdoor e indoor nella promozione dell'AF. I risultati supportano l'importanza di integrare attività all'aperto nei programmi di promozione della salute, pur riconoscendone le limitazioni. Le implicazioni di questi risultati sono rilevanti per lo sviluppo di programmi di esercizio fisico che bilancino efficacemente i benefici per la salute con la sostenibilità ambientale, offrendo spunti per i professionisti del settore
DALL’OUTDOOR EXERCISE ALLA REALTÀ VIRTUALE: SOLUZIONI INNOVATIVE PER LA PROMOZIONE DI STILI DI VITA ATTIVI PER IL BENESSERE
POLI, LUCA
2025
Abstract
This thesis aims to explore the differential role of outdoor and indoor environments in physical activity (PA) during a historical period marked by growing challenges to public health and environmental sustainability. The research aligns with the WHO’s 2030 objectives, which aim for a 15% reduction in physical inactivity and the implementation of urban policies for active mobility. The thesis is structured into two distinct yet complementary parts: theoretical and experimental. The theoretical section includes a comprehensive review of the scientific literature analyzing: (1) the multidimensional benefits of outdoor PA across diverse populations, with a particular focus on the underlying physiological and psychological mechanisms; (2) the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PA habits and subsequent behavioral changes; (3) the emerging role of new technologies in promoting active lifestyles, emphasizing the potential of immersive technologies; and (4) the implications for environmental sustainability and green practices. The experimental section consists of two studies investigating the effects of PA in different contexts. The first study, a randomized crossover trial involving thirty-one young adults (20M, 11F; age 24.3±3.2 years; BMI 23.5±3.6 kg/m²), compared the acute effects of three cycling modes: augmented reality cycling (ARC), virtual reality cycling (VRC), and outdoor cycling (OUTC). Investigated variables included physiological parameters (heart rate) and psychological factors (enjoyment, intrinsic motivation, and intention to engage in green exercise). Results highlighted the superior efficacy of the outdoor environment in promoting motivational and enjoyment aspects (p<0.001), despite immersive technologies eliciting more intense physiological responses. The second study, a twelve-week randomized controlled trial, involved thirty-three adults and older adults with stabilized cardiovascular conditions (19M and 14F; age 69.5±4.9 years; BMI 27.34±4.95 kg/m²). Participants were assigned to three groups: outdoor multicomponent training (OMTG), indoor multicomponent training (IMTG), and a control group (CG). The intervention assessed hemodynamic parameters, physical fitness, and quality of life. Both intervention groups showed significant improvements in hemodynamic parameters and physical fitness (p<0.001) compared to the control group, with the outdoor group demonstrating superior benefits in psychological domains (p<0.001) compared to the indoor group. Overall, this research provides new scientific evidence on the differential efficacy of outdoor and indoor environments in promoting PA. The findings underscore the importance of integrating outdoor activities into health promotion programs while acknowledging their limitations. The implications of these results are relevant for developing exercise programs that effectively balance health benefits with environmental sustainability, offering insights for professionals in the fieldFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213901
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-213901