Introduction Gaucher disease (GD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which leads to the accumulation of glucosylceramide in macrophages. There are five known types of GD: type 1 (chronic non-neurological), type 2 (acute neurological), type 3 (subacute neurological), perinatal lethal and cardiovascular. Mutations in the GBA1 gene cause all forms of Gaucher disease, leading to lysosomal deficiency of glucocerebrosidase activity. In types 2 and 3 of Gaucher disease, neurological symptoms are prominent and may include developmental delays, seizures, ataxia, and cognitive decline. Patients with Gaucher disease (GD) have numerous brain changes. Objectives The main objective is to investigate the neuropsychological and psychological profile of Italian GD1 and GD3 patients at baseline (T0) compared with healthy individuals. In addition, it aims to investigate possible worsening at a second neuropsychological, psychological, and neurological assessment (T1). Moreover, the study aims to explore possible correlations between neuroimaging and the neuropsychological and neurological aspects of GD. Materials and Methods. In this longitudinal observational study, we recruited patients with a confirmed genetic diagnosis of Gaucher disease (GD), older than 12 years, at AOU Policlinico Umberto. Main cognitive functions were analyzed with neuropsychological tests at T0 and T1. The psychological status of patients at both T0 and T1 was assessed with psychometric instruments. A neurological evaluation was conducted at T0 and T1. In addition, possible brain alterations were explored using imaging by DTI technique to correlate brain fiber connectivity with data from neuropsychological and neurological assessments. Results Neuropsychological tests revealed significant differences in cognitive function between GD patients and in healthy patients. At T1, 17 patients completed a full neuropsychological evaluation, revealing an increased prevalence of cognitive impairment (64.7% vs. 31.8% at baseline). The most affected cognitive functions are verbal memory and attention. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) revealed alterations in associated brain fiber connectivity in correlation with neuropsychological and neurological assessments. Conclusions In conclusion, the results highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of the disease and that the use of advanced neuroimaging techniques is crucial to identifying brain alterations and understanding their impact on cognitive and neurological function.
Introduzione La malattia di Gaucher (GD) è un raro disordine genetico autosomico recessivo causato dalla carenza dell'enzima glucocerebrosidasi, che porta all'accumulo di glucosilceramide nei macrofagi. Esistono cinque tipi noti di GD: tipo 1 (cronica non neurologica), tipo 2 (acuta neurologica), tipo 3 (subacuta neurologica), perinatale letale e cardiovascolare. Le mutazioni nel gene GBA1 causano tutte le forme di malattia di Gaucher, portando a una carenza lisosomiale dell'attività della glucocerebrosidasi. Nei tipi 2 e 3 della malattia di Gaucher, i sintomi neurologici sono prominenti e possono includere ritardi nello sviluppo, convulsioni, atassia e declino cognitivo. I pazienti con malattia di Gaucher (GD) presentano anche numerose alterazioni cerebrali. Obiettivi L'obiettivo principale è investigare il profilo neuropsicologico e psicologico dei pazienti italiani affetti da GD1 e GD3 al basale (T0) rispetto agli individui sani. Inoltre, si vuole investigare possibili peggioramenti in una seconda valutazione neuropsicologica, psicologica e neurologica (T1). Infine, lo studio mira a esplorare possibili correlazioni tra neuroimaging e gli aspetti neuropsicologici e neurologici della GD. Materiali e Metodi In questo studio osservazionale longitudinale sono stati arruolati pazienti con diagnosi genetica confermata di malattia di Gaucher (GD), di età superiore ai 12 anni, in follow-up presso l'AOU Policlinico Umberto I. Sono state analizzate le funzioni cognitive principali con una batteria di test al T0 e al T1. È stato valutato lo stato psicologico dei pazienti sia al T0 che al T1 con strumenti psicometrici. È stata condotta una valutazione neurologica a T0 e a T1. Inoltre, si sono esplorate possibili alterazioni cerebrali utilizzando l'imaging tramite la tecnica della DTI per correlare la connettività delle fibre cerebrali con i dati delle valutazioni neuropsicologiche e neurologiche. Risultati I test neuropsicologici hanno rivelato differenze significative nelle funzioni cognitive tra i pazienti affetti da GD e in pazienti sani. Al T1, 17 pazienti hanno completato una valutazione neuropsicologica completa, rivelando un aumento della prevalenza di compromissione cognitiva (64.7% vs. 31.8% al basale). Le funzioni cognitive più colpite sono risultate essere la memoria verbale e l'attenzione. La Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) ha rivelato alterazioni nella connettività delle fibre cerebrali associate in correlazione con le valutazioni neuropsicologiche e neurologiche. Conclusioni In conclusione, i risultati evidenziando l'importanza di un approccio multidisciplinare nella gestione della malattia e che l'utilizzo di tecniche di neuroimaging avanzate è cruciale per identificare le alterazioni cerebrali e comprendere il loro impatto sulle funzioni cognitive e neurologiche.
Gaucher disease: a multidisciplinary study of neuropsychology, neurology, and advanced neuroimaging techniques for a comprehensive understanding
TESSARI, GIANMARCO
2025
Abstract
Introduction Gaucher disease (GD) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which leads to the accumulation of glucosylceramide in macrophages. There are five known types of GD: type 1 (chronic non-neurological), type 2 (acute neurological), type 3 (subacute neurological), perinatal lethal and cardiovascular. Mutations in the GBA1 gene cause all forms of Gaucher disease, leading to lysosomal deficiency of glucocerebrosidase activity. In types 2 and 3 of Gaucher disease, neurological symptoms are prominent and may include developmental delays, seizures, ataxia, and cognitive decline. Patients with Gaucher disease (GD) have numerous brain changes. Objectives The main objective is to investigate the neuropsychological and psychological profile of Italian GD1 and GD3 patients at baseline (T0) compared with healthy individuals. In addition, it aims to investigate possible worsening at a second neuropsychological, psychological, and neurological assessment (T1). Moreover, the study aims to explore possible correlations between neuroimaging and the neuropsychological and neurological aspects of GD. Materials and Methods. In this longitudinal observational study, we recruited patients with a confirmed genetic diagnosis of Gaucher disease (GD), older than 12 years, at AOU Policlinico Umberto. Main cognitive functions were analyzed with neuropsychological tests at T0 and T1. The psychological status of patients at both T0 and T1 was assessed with psychometric instruments. A neurological evaluation was conducted at T0 and T1. In addition, possible brain alterations were explored using imaging by DTI technique to correlate brain fiber connectivity with data from neuropsychological and neurological assessments. Results Neuropsychological tests revealed significant differences in cognitive function between GD patients and in healthy patients. At T1, 17 patients completed a full neuropsychological evaluation, revealing an increased prevalence of cognitive impairment (64.7% vs. 31.8% at baseline). The most affected cognitive functions are verbal memory and attention. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) revealed alterations in associated brain fiber connectivity in correlation with neuropsychological and neurological assessments. Conclusions In conclusion, the results highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of the disease and that the use of advanced neuroimaging techniques is crucial to identifying brain alterations and understanding their impact on cognitive and neurological function.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/213922
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-213922