This doctoral thesis extensively examines the labour market outcomes of refugees who initially sought humanitarian protection in EU destination countries. The thesis is structured around three primary empirical analyses: Firstly, it compares the labour market outcomes of refugees to natives. Secondly, it investigates the labour market outcomes of refugees and contrasts the findings to work, family reunion, and study migrant groups who initially entered Europe from the same origin areas and arrival cohorts and who migrated to the same EU destination countries as refugees. Finally, the thesis explores the differences in labour market integration among refugee groups based on the origin area they come from within the context of seeking asylum or international protection in EU destination countries. This PhD thesis thoroughly examines employment, unemployment, occupation, and income distribution outcomes of refugees by conducting a comparative analysis with other immigrant groups and native populations. Probit regression models are applied for the empirical analysis and linear regression models are applied for graphical representations, controlling for various observed socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, education, proficiency in the destination country’s language, and household composition among other main characteristics. The study also investigates immigrants’ initial conditions at entry and economic conditions during the survey year to account for unobserved heterogeneities. The research also explores whether migrating to EU destination countries during a period of recession or economic downturn has a lasting impact on the future labour market outcomes of refugees i.e. the labour market performance during the survey years. Addressing this inquiry involves considering two factors: 1) whether the EU destination countries experienced negative or positive GDP growth rates at the time of an immigrant’s entry, and 2) incorporating fixed effects of EU destination country and survey year into the analysis to capture the economic conditions prevailing during the survey years. The research findings suggest that refugees consistently have worse labour market outcomes in employment, unemployment, income distribution and occupational outcomes compared to natives. Refugees start with large initial gaps in their economic outcomes. Also, when refugees are contrasted with the immigrant groups, they have large gaps compared to work migrants and study migrants. However, this gap is somewhat small when compared to family reunion migrants. Refugee women are associated with negative employment likelihood compared to refugee men. North African and Middle Eastern refugees have worse economic outcomes compared to refugees entering EU destination countries from other origin areas. Immigrants and refugee groups who enter Europe during a recession period are more likely to be affected by negative employment likelihood, more likely to take up elementary jobs and likely to be in lowest wage earnings in their long-term labour market outcomes.
Questa tesi di dottorato esamina in modo approfondito gli esiti del mercato del lavoro dei rifugiati che inizialmente cercavano protezione umanitaria nei paesi di destinazione dell’UE. La tesi è strutturata attorno a tre analisi empiriche primarie: in primo luogo, confronta i risultati del mercato del lavoro dei rifugiati con quelli dei nativi. In secondo luogo, indaga gli esiti del mercato del lavoro dei rifugiati e confronta i risultati con il lavoro, il ricongiungimento familiare e lo studio dei gruppi di migranti che inizialmente sono entrati in Europa dalle stesse aree di origine e coorti di arrivo e che sono emigrati negli stessi paesi di destinazione dell’UE dei rifugiati. Infine, la tesi esplora le differenze nell'integrazione nel mercato del lavoro tra i gruppi di rifugiati in base all'area di origine da cui provengono nel contesto della richiesta di asilo o protezione internazionale nei paesi di destinazione dell'UE. Questa tesi di dottorato esamina in modo approfondito i risultati in termini di occupazione, disoccupazione, occupazione e distribuzione del reddito dei rifugiati conducendo un'analisi comparativa con altri gruppi di immigrati e popolazioni autoctone. I modelli di regressione Probit vengono applicati per l'analisi empirica e i modelli di regressione lineare vengono applicati per le rappresentazioni grafiche, controllando varie caratteristiche socio-demografiche osservate come sesso, età, istruzione, competenza nella lingua del paese di destinazione e composizione familiare tra le altre caratteristiche principali. Lo studio indaga anche le condizioni iniziali degli immigrati all’ingresso e le condizioni economiche durante l’anno di indagine per tenere conto delle eterogeneità non osservate. La ricerca esplora anche se la migrazione verso i paesi di destinazione dell’UE durante un periodo di recessione o di recessione economica abbia un impatto duraturo sui futuri risultati del mercato del lavoro dei rifugiati, ovvero sulla performance del mercato del lavoro durante gli anni dell’indagine. Affrontare questa indagine implica considerare due fattori: 1) se i paesi di destinazione dell’UE hanno registrato tassi di crescita del PIL negativi o positivi al momento dell’ingresso di un immigrato, e 2) incorporare gli effetti fissi del paese di destinazione dell’UE e dell’anno dell’indagine nell’analisi per catturare l’andamento economico. condizioni prevalenti negli anni dell’indagine. I risultati della ricerca suggeriscono che i rifugiati hanno costantemente risultati peggiori sul mercato del lavoro in termini di occupazione, disoccupazione, distribuzione del reddito e risultati occupazionali rispetto ai nativi. I rifugiati iniziano con ampi divari iniziali nei loro risultati economici. Inoltre, quando i rifugiati vengono confrontati con i gruppi di immigrati, presentano ampi divari rispetto ai migranti per lavoro e ai migranti per studio. Tuttavia, questo divario è piuttosto ridotto se paragonato ai migranti ricongiungibili familiari. Le donne rifugiate sono associate ad una probabilità occupazionale negativa rispetto agli uomini rifugiati. I rifugiati nordafricani e mediorientali hanno risultati economici peggiori rispetto ai rifugiati che entrano nei paesi di destinazione dell’UE da altre aree di origine. Gli immigrati e i gruppi di rifugiati che entrano in Europa durante un periodo di recessione hanno maggiori probabilità di essere colpiti da una probabilità occupazionale negativa, di intraprendere lavori elementari e di avere salari più bassi nei risultati a lungo termine sul mercato del lavoro.
Refugee Economic Integration: Prospects or Challenges?
PILLI, SUPRIYA KRISHNA
2025
Abstract
This doctoral thesis extensively examines the labour market outcomes of refugees who initially sought humanitarian protection in EU destination countries. The thesis is structured around three primary empirical analyses: Firstly, it compares the labour market outcomes of refugees to natives. Secondly, it investigates the labour market outcomes of refugees and contrasts the findings to work, family reunion, and study migrant groups who initially entered Europe from the same origin areas and arrival cohorts and who migrated to the same EU destination countries as refugees. Finally, the thesis explores the differences in labour market integration among refugee groups based on the origin area they come from within the context of seeking asylum or international protection in EU destination countries. This PhD thesis thoroughly examines employment, unemployment, occupation, and income distribution outcomes of refugees by conducting a comparative analysis with other immigrant groups and native populations. Probit regression models are applied for the empirical analysis and linear regression models are applied for graphical representations, controlling for various observed socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, education, proficiency in the destination country’s language, and household composition among other main characteristics. The study also investigates immigrants’ initial conditions at entry and economic conditions during the survey year to account for unobserved heterogeneities. The research also explores whether migrating to EU destination countries during a period of recession or economic downturn has a lasting impact on the future labour market outcomes of refugees i.e. the labour market performance during the survey years. Addressing this inquiry involves considering two factors: 1) whether the EU destination countries experienced negative or positive GDP growth rates at the time of an immigrant’s entry, and 2) incorporating fixed effects of EU destination country and survey year into the analysis to capture the economic conditions prevailing during the survey years. The research findings suggest that refugees consistently have worse labour market outcomes in employment, unemployment, income distribution and occupational outcomes compared to natives. Refugees start with large initial gaps in their economic outcomes. Also, when refugees are contrasted with the immigrant groups, they have large gaps compared to work migrants and study migrants. However, this gap is somewhat small when compared to family reunion migrants. Refugee women are associated with negative employment likelihood compared to refugee men. North African and Middle Eastern refugees have worse economic outcomes compared to refugees entering EU destination countries from other origin areas. Immigrants and refugee groups who enter Europe during a recession period are more likely to be affected by negative employment likelihood, more likely to take up elementary jobs and likely to be in lowest wage earnings in their long-term labour market outcomes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/214241
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-214241