Cannabis sativa L. is a plant rich in different chemical classes of bioactive compounds. It includes both psychoactive and non-psychoactive (hemp) varieties. Cannabinoids represent the main class of secondary metabolites in this plant. Hemp contains high levels of cannabidiol (CBD), which is a non-psychoactive compound, and low levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is psychoactive. In addition to cannabinoids, the plant produces more polar molecules, i.e. polyphenols, and less polar compounds, i.e. policosanols (PCs). Regarding polyphenols, cannflavins (CFLs) are the typical isoprenoid flavones of C. sativa, with cannflavin A and B (CFL-A and CFL-B) as the most representative ones. PCs are long chain aliphatic alcohols characterized by a carbon chain length ranging from 22 to 36 carbon atoms. In the light of all the above, this PhD project is based on a multi-disciplinary study, focused on the extraction and analysis of different classes of bioactive molecules (i.e. cannabinoids, polyphenols and PCs) from hemp inflorescences and waste products. The activity of the enriched extracts obtained, together with pure compounds, was assessed for an array of biological activities, using in vitro and in vivo assays. Starting from polyphenols, the aim was to obtain and characterize a polyphenol-enriched fraction (PEF) from hemp inflorescences, to be tested against colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. PEF was obtained by a new extraction method with subsequent purification. Then it was fully characterized by untargeted UHPLC-HRMS and HPLC-UV analysis. The antiproliferative activity of PEF and pure compounds was assessed in vitro for the first time against CRC cell lines providing promising IC50 values, in comparison with the reference drug. Regarding cannabinoids, a cannabinoid-enriched fraction (CEF), obtained from hemp inflorescences, was tested against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, due to the known capacity of neutral cannabinoids to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). CEF was fully characterized using UHPLC-HRMS and HPLC-UV. CEF and CBD, being the main component of the extract, were then tested on GBM cell lines, with the obtaining of promising IC50 values in comparison with the reference drug. Moreover, CBD was able to significantly reduce cell motility and proliferation in treated cells and demonstrated to cause cell death with a necroptotic pathway, by significantly rising the levels of necroptosis-related proteins. As for PCs, they were obtained from an innovative source, composed of a hemp wax, by microwave-assisted trans-esterification and hydrolysis, followed by preparative liquid chromatography under normal phase conditions. Purified PCs were characterized using a new method based on HPLC with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). These compounds showed moderate in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and, for this reason, they could be useful in oxinflammation processes. In this context, PCs demonstrated to decrease the neurotoxic damage caused by rotenone both in an in vitro and in vivo Parkinson’s Disease (PD) model. Finally, hemp industrial waste, i.e. post-extraction residual plant material, together with plant roots and hurds, were analyzed for their cannabinoid and phenolic composition. Further analyses will be performed on other hemp waste material, i.e. leaves, from a circular economy perspective. In conclusion, this work demonstrated how different hemp components could be useful for the prevention and co-treatment of diverse diseases, from cancer cell proliferation to neurodegenerative diseases, confirming their relevance in the medicinal chemistry field. Further research is ongoing to fully understand their mechanism/s of action.
Cannabis sativa L. è una fonte di composti bioattivi che comprende varietà psicoattive e non psicoattive (canapa). I cannabinoidi sono la principale classe di metaboliti secondari della pianta. La canapa contiene alti livelli di cannabidiolo (CBD), non psicoattivo, e bassi livelli di Δ9-tetraidrocannabinolo (Δ9-THC), psicoattivo. Oltre ai cannabinoidi, la pianta produce composti più polari (polifenoli) e meno polari (policosanoli, PCs). Riguardo i polifenoli, le cannflavine (CFLs), quali cannflavina A e B (CFL-A e CFL-B), sono i tipici flavoni isoprenilati di C. sativa. I PCs sono alcoli alifatici a lunga catena, la cui lunghezza varia da 22 a 36 atomi di carbonio. Questo progetto di dottorato si basa su uno studio multidisciplinare, basato sull'estrazione e l'analisi di composti bioattivi (cannabinoidi, polifenoli e PCs) da infiorescenze di canapa e prodotti di scarto. L'attività degli estratti arricchiti ottenuti, e dei composti puri, è stata valutata attraverso una serie di saggi biologici in vitro e in vivo. Partendo dai componenti più polari, i polifenoli, è stata estratta e caratterizzata una frazione arricchita (PEF), ottenuta da infiorescenze di canapa, che è stata valutata per l’effetto antiproliferativo su linee cellulari di carcinoma colon-retto (CRC). PEF è stato ottenuto con un nuovo metodo di estrazione seguito da purificazione, ed è stato caratterizzato da analisi untargeted UHPLC-HRMS e HPLC-UV. L'attività antiproliferativa di PEF e dei composti puri è stata valutata in vitro per la prima volta su linee cellulari di CRC, fornendo valori promettenti di IC50, rispetto al farmaco di riferimento. Riguardo i cannabinoidi, la relativa frazione arricchita (CEF), ottenuta da infiorescenze di canapa, è stata testata su linee cellulari di glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), per la capacità di questi composti di attraversare la barriera ematoencefalica (BBB) nella loro forma neutra. CEF è stato caratterizzato con UHPLC-HRMS e HPLC-UV. CEF e CBD, componente principale di CEF, sono stati poi testati sulle linee cellulari di GBM, ottenendo valori interessanti di IC50 rispetto al farmaco di riferimento. Inoltre, il CBD è stato in grado di ridurre significativamente la motilità e la proliferazione cellulare rispetto alle cellule non trattate, attivando una morte cellulare di tipo necroptotico, come dimostrato dall’aumento significativo dei livelli di proteine correlate alla necroptosi. In riferimento ai PCs, essi sono stati ottenuti da una fonte innovativa, costituita da cera di canapa, mediante trans-esterificazione e idrolisi assistita da microonde, seguita da cromatografia liquida preparativa in fase normale. La caratterizzazione è stata realizzata con nuovo metodo HPLC-ELSD. Questi composti hanno mostrato una moderata attività antiossidante e antinfiammatoria in vitro. La miscela di PCs ha inoltre dimostrato di ridurre il danno neurotossico causato dal rotenone, sia in vitro sia in vivo in modelli di morbo di Parkinson (PD). Infine, in un’ottica di economia circolare, sono stati analizzati vari materiali di scarto della filiera della canapa, quali residui industriali di processi estrattivi, radici e canapuli, al fine di caratterizzarne il profilo di cannabinoidi e polifenoli. Ulteriori analisi saranno effettuate su altri materiali, come le foglie, in una prospettiva di recupero di composti bioattivi. In conclusione, questo lavoro ha dimostrato come diversi componenti di C. sativa non psicotropa potrebbero essere utili per prevenire e trattare, in combinazione con gli approcci farmacologici tradizionali, diverse patologie, dalla proliferazione delle cellule tumorali alle patologie neurodegenerative, confermando la loro rilevanza in ambito farmaceutico. Ulteriori ricerche sono in corso per comprenderne appieno il meccanismo d'azione.
Composti bioattivi di Cannabis sativa L. non psicoattiva come agenti terapeutici innovativi contro la proliferazione delle cellule tumorali, l’infiammazione e la neurodegenerazione
CAROLI, CLARISSA
2025
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a plant rich in different chemical classes of bioactive compounds. It includes both psychoactive and non-psychoactive (hemp) varieties. Cannabinoids represent the main class of secondary metabolites in this plant. Hemp contains high levels of cannabidiol (CBD), which is a non-psychoactive compound, and low levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which is psychoactive. In addition to cannabinoids, the plant produces more polar molecules, i.e. polyphenols, and less polar compounds, i.e. policosanols (PCs). Regarding polyphenols, cannflavins (CFLs) are the typical isoprenoid flavones of C. sativa, with cannflavin A and B (CFL-A and CFL-B) as the most representative ones. PCs are long chain aliphatic alcohols characterized by a carbon chain length ranging from 22 to 36 carbon atoms. In the light of all the above, this PhD project is based on a multi-disciplinary study, focused on the extraction and analysis of different classes of bioactive molecules (i.e. cannabinoids, polyphenols and PCs) from hemp inflorescences and waste products. The activity of the enriched extracts obtained, together with pure compounds, was assessed for an array of biological activities, using in vitro and in vivo assays. Starting from polyphenols, the aim was to obtain and characterize a polyphenol-enriched fraction (PEF) from hemp inflorescences, to be tested against colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. PEF was obtained by a new extraction method with subsequent purification. Then it was fully characterized by untargeted UHPLC-HRMS and HPLC-UV analysis. The antiproliferative activity of PEF and pure compounds was assessed in vitro for the first time against CRC cell lines providing promising IC50 values, in comparison with the reference drug. Regarding cannabinoids, a cannabinoid-enriched fraction (CEF), obtained from hemp inflorescences, was tested against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, due to the known capacity of neutral cannabinoids to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). CEF was fully characterized using UHPLC-HRMS and HPLC-UV. CEF and CBD, being the main component of the extract, were then tested on GBM cell lines, with the obtaining of promising IC50 values in comparison with the reference drug. Moreover, CBD was able to significantly reduce cell motility and proliferation in treated cells and demonstrated to cause cell death with a necroptotic pathway, by significantly rising the levels of necroptosis-related proteins. As for PCs, they were obtained from an innovative source, composed of a hemp wax, by microwave-assisted trans-esterification and hydrolysis, followed by preparative liquid chromatography under normal phase conditions. Purified PCs were characterized using a new method based on HPLC with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). These compounds showed moderate in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and, for this reason, they could be useful in oxinflammation processes. In this context, PCs demonstrated to decrease the neurotoxic damage caused by rotenone both in an in vitro and in vivo Parkinson’s Disease (PD) model. Finally, hemp industrial waste, i.e. post-extraction residual plant material, together with plant roots and hurds, were analyzed for their cannabinoid and phenolic composition. Further analyses will be performed on other hemp waste material, i.e. leaves, from a circular economy perspective. In conclusion, this work demonstrated how different hemp components could be useful for the prevention and co-treatment of diverse diseases, from cancer cell proliferation to neurodegenerative diseases, confirming their relevance in the medicinal chemistry field. Further research is ongoing to fully understand their mechanism/s of action.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/215231
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-215231