Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, essential for metabolic energy production in eukaryotic cells, consisting of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes separated by an intermembrane space. Mitochondrial carriers (MCs) belong to a family of eukaryotic transporters, known in higher organisms as the solute carrier family 25 (SLC25), which are mostly localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyze the exchange of important metabolites. MCs exhibit typical sequence features. To date, 53 members of MCF have been identified in Homo sapiens, 58 in Arabidopsis thaliana and 35 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite this, many MCF members remain uncharacterized. The first part of this work focuses on the biochemical characterization of AAC1 (ADP/ATP carrier isoform 1) from Arabidopsis thaliana and the identification of its physiological role in plants, but it also investigates the possible involvement of human and D. melanogaster AGC (aspartate/glutamate carrier) isoforms in GABA transport into mitochondria by direct transport assays. AtAAC1, previously studied, has been best characterized here using the EPRA method, able to highlight biochemical features of protein never investigated before. Physiological studies showed that reduced AAC1 expression impairs cellular ATP concentration, mitochondrial ultrastructure and root growth. These effects also affect vegetative and reproductive stages, with reduced leaf number and rosette mass and increased silique size and seed weight. This highlights the importance of AAC1, that cannot be compensated by other AAC isoforms or adenine nucleotide carriers, and establish a framework for understanding the systemic effects of impaired subcellular adenylate partitioning, from subcellular ultrastructure and physiology to overall plant development and reproduction. Regarding AGCs, previous studies in Drosophila melanogaster suggested a putative role for mitochondrial AGC in promoting GABA accumulation in mitochondria. GABA, a key inhibitory neurotransmitter in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems, plays a role in neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Its cellular metabolism involves well-defined compartments and its uptake from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix is required for degradation. Since GABA carrier remains unidentified, this study tested GABA transport by D. melanogaster and human AGCs using the same approach as for AtAAC1. Results show that D. melanogaster spliced AGC isoforms (Aralar1-PA and Aralar1-PE) and human AGC isoforms (AGC1/aralar1 and AGC2/citrin) do not transport GABA in homo- or in hetero-exchange with glutamate or aspartate, nor does GABA inhibit their exchange activities. Thus, AGC isoforms are not responsible for GABA transport, leaving the mitochondrial GABA transporter unidentified in humans and D. melanogaster. The second part of this work studies mitochondrial lipid composition in cells depleted of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion processes, specifically optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn1/2). Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) combined with Electrospray Ionization-High Resolution MS, the mitochondrial phospholipid (PL) profile of MEF cells lacking OPA1 and Mfn1/2 was analyzed. 157 different sum compositions across four main PL classes-phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylinositols (PIs), and cardiolipins (CLs)–were identified. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses of HILIC-ESI-MS data revealed a decrease in alk(en)yl/acyl species in PC and PE classes and an increase in unsaturated acyl chains across all PL classes in knockout cells compared to WT MEF lines.These findings suggest a reshaping of the PL profile, consistent with changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure and an altered PLs transport from ER to mitochondria when fusion proteins are depleted.
I mitocondri sono organuli essenziali per la produzione di energia nelle cellule eucariotiche, composti da una membrane mitocondriale interna ed una esterna, separate da uno spazio intermembrana. I carriers mitocondriali (MC) sono proteine codificate da geni nucleari, localizzate prevalentemente nella membrana mitocondriale interna ed adibite al trasporto di metaboliti importanti, che costituiscono una grande famiglia (MCF) di trasportatori della membrana mitocondriale interna con caratteristiche strutturali ben definite. Nonostante siano stati identificati 53 membri della famiglia MCF in H. sapiens, 58 in A. thaliana e 53 in S. cerevisiae, molti rimangono ancora sconosciuti. La prima parte di questo lavoro si concentra sulla caratterizzazione biochimica dell’isoforma 1 del trasportatore ADP/ATP di A. thaliana (AtAAC1) e sull'identificazione del suo ruolo fisiologico nelle piante, investigando anche il possibile coinvolgimento del carrier aspartato/glutammato (AGC) di uomo e D. melanogaster nel trasporto di GABA. AtAAC1, precedentemente studiato, è stato meglio caratterizzato utilizzando il metodo EPRA, che evidenzia caratteristiche biochimiche di proteine non ancora investigate. Studi fisiologici hanno mostrato che una ridotta espressione di AAC1 compromette la concentrazione di ATP, l'ultrastruttura mitocondriale e la crescita delle radici, ma anche le fasi vegetative e riproduttive, con un ridotto numero di foglie e massa delle rosette e un aumento della dimensione delle silique e del peso dei semi. Ciò sottolinea l'importanza di questo trasportatore, la cui funzione non può essere compensata da altre isoforme di AAC o trasportatori di nucleotidi adenilici, e permette di comprendere gli effetti della partizione subcellulare degli adenilati, dall'ultrastruttura allo sviluppo e alla riproduzione della pianta. Studi precedenti in D. melanogaster hanno suggerito che AGC potesse essere responsabile dell'accumulo di GABA nei mitocondri. Il GABA, un importante neurotrasmettitore inibitorio nel sistema nervoso di invertebrati e vertebrati, svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella proliferazione, migrazione e differenziazione delle cellule staminali neurali. Il suo metabolismo cellulare coinvolge compartimenti ben definiti e per la sua degradazione viene trasportato nella matrice mitocondriale. Poiché il trasportatore di GABA non è stato ancora identificato, in questo studio si è testato il trasporto di GABA mediato dalle isoforme umane e di D. melanogaster di AGC, utilizzando lo stesso approccio sperimentale della caratterizzazione di AtAAC1. I risultati mostrano che le isoforme di splicing in D. melanogaster (Aralar1-PA e Aralar1-PE) e le isoforme umane (AGC1/aralar1 e AGC2/citrin) non trasportano GABA né in omoscambio né in eteroscambio con glutammato o aspartato, e che il GABA non inibisce le loro attività di scambio. Perciò, AGC non è deputato al trasporto di GABA. Nella seconda parte si è studiata la composizione lipidica mitocondriale delle cellule deprivate di proteine coinvolte nei processi di fusione mitocondriale, OPA1 e mitofusine1/2. Utilizzando la HILIC-ESI-HR MS, è stato analizzato il profilo dei fosfolipidi mitocondriali delle cellule MEF prive di OPA1 e mitofusine. Sono state identificate 157 composizioni sommarie diverse tra quattro principali classi di fosfolipidi - fosfatidilcoline, fosfatidiletanolamine, fosfatidilinositoli e cardiolipine. I dati ottenuti hanno rivelato una diminuzione delle specie alchil/acil in fosfatidilcoline e fosfatidiletanolamine e un aumento delle catene acil-insature in tutte le classi di fosfolipidi nei knockout rispetto al WT. Questi risultati suggeriscono un rimodellamento del profilo dei fofolipidi, coerente con i cambiamenti nell'ultrastruttura mitocondriale e con un alterato trasporto di fosfolipidi dal reticolo endoplasmatico ai mitocondri quando le proteine di fusione vengono meno.
Caratterizzazione biochimica e ruolo fisiologico dei membri della famiglia dei trasportatori mitocondriali
BARILE, SERENA
2025
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, essential for metabolic energy production in eukaryotic cells, consisting of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes separated by an intermembrane space. Mitochondrial carriers (MCs) belong to a family of eukaryotic transporters, known in higher organisms as the solute carrier family 25 (SLC25), which are mostly localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyze the exchange of important metabolites. MCs exhibit typical sequence features. To date, 53 members of MCF have been identified in Homo sapiens, 58 in Arabidopsis thaliana and 35 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite this, many MCF members remain uncharacterized. The first part of this work focuses on the biochemical characterization of AAC1 (ADP/ATP carrier isoform 1) from Arabidopsis thaliana and the identification of its physiological role in plants, but it also investigates the possible involvement of human and D. melanogaster AGC (aspartate/glutamate carrier) isoforms in GABA transport into mitochondria by direct transport assays. AtAAC1, previously studied, has been best characterized here using the EPRA method, able to highlight biochemical features of protein never investigated before. Physiological studies showed that reduced AAC1 expression impairs cellular ATP concentration, mitochondrial ultrastructure and root growth. These effects also affect vegetative and reproductive stages, with reduced leaf number and rosette mass and increased silique size and seed weight. This highlights the importance of AAC1, that cannot be compensated by other AAC isoforms or adenine nucleotide carriers, and establish a framework for understanding the systemic effects of impaired subcellular adenylate partitioning, from subcellular ultrastructure and physiology to overall plant development and reproduction. Regarding AGCs, previous studies in Drosophila melanogaster suggested a putative role for mitochondrial AGC in promoting GABA accumulation in mitochondria. GABA, a key inhibitory neurotransmitter in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems, plays a role in neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Its cellular metabolism involves well-defined compartments and its uptake from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix is required for degradation. Since GABA carrier remains unidentified, this study tested GABA transport by D. melanogaster and human AGCs using the same approach as for AtAAC1. Results show that D. melanogaster spliced AGC isoforms (Aralar1-PA and Aralar1-PE) and human AGC isoforms (AGC1/aralar1 and AGC2/citrin) do not transport GABA in homo- or in hetero-exchange with glutamate or aspartate, nor does GABA inhibit their exchange activities. Thus, AGC isoforms are not responsible for GABA transport, leaving the mitochondrial GABA transporter unidentified in humans and D. melanogaster. The second part of this work studies mitochondrial lipid composition in cells depleted of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion processes, specifically optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn1/2). Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC) combined with Electrospray Ionization-High Resolution MS, the mitochondrial phospholipid (PL) profile of MEF cells lacking OPA1 and Mfn1/2 was analyzed. 157 different sum compositions across four main PL classes-phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylinositols (PIs), and cardiolipins (CLs)–were identified. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses of HILIC-ESI-MS data revealed a decrease in alk(en)yl/acyl species in PC and PE classes and an increase in unsaturated acyl chains across all PL classes in knockout cells compared to WT MEF lines.These findings suggest a reshaping of the PL profile, consistent with changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure and an altered PLs transport from ER to mitochondria when fusion proteins are depleted.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD Thesis_Serena Barile_XXXVII cycle.pdf
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PhD Thesis_Serena Barile_XXXVII cycle_1.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/215611
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-215611