Public Perceptions, Attitudes, and Adaptation to Heatwaves in Pakistan (PATH)

The IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report confirms that human activities have caused unprecedented global warming, intensifying the frequency and severity of heatwaves. These extreme heat events present significant risks to human health, including increased mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory issues and a rise in heat-related illnesses. This research aims to assess community understanding, public risk perception, emotional and psychological reactions, and adaptive measures related to heatwaves, with a particular focus on using the Health Belief Model (HBM). A scoping review of HBM applications to heatwaves informed a study conducted with volunteers from the Alkhidmat Foundation, a non-governmental organization involved in disaster management and community services. A tailored questionnaire was developed, including sections on heatwave knowledge, HBM constructs, adaptive behaviors, and sociodemographic data. Results show limited application of HBM to heatwaves, but the study participants demonstrated higher knowledge and awareness due to prior exposure. High risk perception (considering perceived vulnerability and severity) was also observed. Key predictors of individual adaptive behaviors were perceived benefits and self-efficacy, while household-level behaviors were influenced by cues to action and self-efficacy. Overall, adaptive behaviors were shaped by perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. These findings underscore the potential of HBM to inform the development of interventions that drive behavioral changes, enhancing heatwave resilience. The study’s insights will guide policymakers, organizations, and communities in crafting effective strategies to mitigate the public health impacts of heatwaves, especially in Pakistan.