This thesis aimed to explore and study the autochthonous microbiome of Vitis vinifera phylloplane to identify microorganisms with antimicrobial properties and the potential to be used as Biological Control Agents (BCAs) to cope with biotic stresses. Downy Mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola was selected as a case study for the identification of BCAs. P. viticola is a strictly biotrophic oomycete that can attack all the plant’s green tissues in the right environmental conditions. Nowadays, to avoid yield losses, disease control is commonly carried out by using chemical products that are harmful to the environment and to human and animal health. The identification of BCAs against P. viticola could promote more sustainable practices in viticulture as an eco-friendly alternative to currently used chemical pesticides. The first step of the research activities was the selection of the V. vinifera varieties from which microorganisms would be isolated. The selection was carried out by evaluating the degree of tolerance/susceptibility of the different varieties to Downy Mildew on the bunches and leaves and finally, three varieties were selected: ‘Dawn seedless’, ‘Blush seedless’ and ‘Argentina’. Focus was brought on the bacterial component of the leaves microbiome of the chosen varieties and epiphytic and endophytic bacteria were isolated through a microbiological analysis. Different assays were performed to identify candidate BCAs. Sixteen among the total isolated bacteria were tested on leaf discs to evaluate their antagonistic activity against P. viticola and different classes of efficacy were defined according to the percentage ratio of the leaf disc area covered by the oomycete sporulation. Five bacterial strains (‘BLG_B1.1.1’, ‘BLG_B1.3’, ‘BLG_B2’, ‘BLG_B4’, ‘BLG_B5’) were selected on the basis of their different efficacy in controlling Downy Mildew infection and were characterized for their morphological features and their species was identified. The five bacterial strains were tested through an in vivo assay on leaves to study a possible mechanism of action against P. viticola. In particular, their effect on the expression of P. viticola effector genes PvRxLR28 and PvRxLR67 was assessed by performing a Real-Time PCR. Among the five strains, three determined a moderate to high reduction of PvRxLR28 expression. Moreover, their effectiveness against a wide range of fungal pathogens and their safety to human health was also evaluated. A bioinformatic comparative analysis between the strains ‘BLG_B2’ and ‘BLG_B4’ was performed, followed by an evaluation of their ability to counteract the growth of human pathogenic bacteria. Future perspectives of the present work involve testing the identified potential BCAs on plants to evaluate their effect on V. vinifera resistance against plant diseases affecting the phylloplane and carposphere. A pilot field trial on plants was carried out testing a synthetic microbial community already characterized for its biocontrol properties. Results will allow the definition of the best protocols to replicate the trial using the selected candidate bacterial BCAs.
Il progetto di tesi si proponeva di esplorare e studiare il microbioma autoctono del filloplano di Vitis vinifera al fine di identificare microrganismi con proprietà antimicrobiche ed il potenziale per essere utilizzati come agenti di controllo biologico (BCA) nei confronti di stress biotici. La Peronospora, causata da Plasmopara viticola, è stata scelta come caso studio per l'identificazione di BCA. P. viticola è un oomicete strettamente biotrofico che, nelle giuste condizioni ambientali, può attaccare tutti i tessuti verdi della pianta. Ad oggi, per evitare perdite di produttività, il controllo della malattia viene comunemente effettuato utilizzando prodotti chimici che, tuttavia, risultano dannosi per l'ambiente e per la salute umana e animale. L'identificazione di BCA contro P. viticola potrebbe promuovere pratiche più sostenibili in viticoltura come alternativa ecologica ai pesticidi chimici attualmente utilizzati. La prima fase delle attività di ricerca ha riguardato la selezione delle varietà di V. vinifera da cui isolare i microrganismi. La selezione è stata effettuata valutando il grado di tolleranza/suscettibilità delle diverse varietà alla Peronospora sui grappoli e sulle foglie, con la selezione finale di tre varietà: “Dawn seedless”, “Blush seedless” e “Argentina”. L'attenzione si è concentrata sulla componente batterica del microbioma delle foglie delle varietà scelte con conseguente isolamento, tramite un’analisi microbiologica, dei batteri epifiti ed endofiti. Sono stati eseguiti diversi saggi per identificare i candidati BCA. 16 dei batteri isolati sono stati testati su dischi fogliari per valutare la loro attività antagonista contro P. viticola e sono state definite diverse classi di efficacia in base al rapporto percentuale dell'area del disco fogliare coperta da sporulazione dell'oomicete. Cinque ceppi batterici ('BLG_B1.1.1', 'BLG_B1.3', 'BLG_B2', 'BLG_B4', 'BLG_B5') sono stati selezionati sulla base della loro diversa efficacia nel controllo dell'infezione di Peronospora e sono stati caratterizzati per le loro peculiarità morfologiche con successiva identificazione della specie di appartenenza. I cinque ceppi batterici sono stati poi testati con un saggio in vivo su foglie per studiare un possibile meccanismo d'azione contro P. viticola. In particolare, è stato valutato il loro effetto sull'espressione dei geni effettori di P. viticola PvRxLR28 e PvRxLR67 tramite esecuzione di una Real-Time PCR. Nello specifico, tra i cinque ceppi, si è osservato come tre determinassero una riduzione da moderata a elevata dell'espressione di PvRxLR28. È stata inoltre valutata la loro efficacia contro un'ampia gamma di patogeni fungini e la loro sicurezza per la salute umana. È stata infine eseguita un’analisi bioinformatica comparativa tra i ceppi ‘BLG_B2’ e ‘BLG_B4’, seguita da un saggio volto a valutare la loro capacità di contrastare la crescita di batteri patogeni per l’uomo. Le prospettive future del presente lavoro prevedono che i potenziali BCA identificati siano testati su piante per valutare il loro effetto sulla resistenza di V. vinifera a condizioni patologiche che colpiscono il filloplano e la carposfera. A tal fine, è stata condotta una prova pilota in campo su piante testando una comunità microbica sintetica già caratterizzata per le sue proprietà di biocontrollo. I risultati della prova consentiranno di definire i migliori protocolli per replicare in futuro la prova utilizzando i candidati BCA batterici selezionati.
Multi-target antimicrobial activity and molecular characterization of autochthonous bacteria strains from Vitis vinifera leaves to cope with biotic stresses
MANDORINO, CAMILLA
2025
Abstract
This thesis aimed to explore and study the autochthonous microbiome of Vitis vinifera phylloplane to identify microorganisms with antimicrobial properties and the potential to be used as Biological Control Agents (BCAs) to cope with biotic stresses. Downy Mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola was selected as a case study for the identification of BCAs. P. viticola is a strictly biotrophic oomycete that can attack all the plant’s green tissues in the right environmental conditions. Nowadays, to avoid yield losses, disease control is commonly carried out by using chemical products that are harmful to the environment and to human and animal health. The identification of BCAs against P. viticola could promote more sustainable practices in viticulture as an eco-friendly alternative to currently used chemical pesticides. The first step of the research activities was the selection of the V. vinifera varieties from which microorganisms would be isolated. The selection was carried out by evaluating the degree of tolerance/susceptibility of the different varieties to Downy Mildew on the bunches and leaves and finally, three varieties were selected: ‘Dawn seedless’, ‘Blush seedless’ and ‘Argentina’. Focus was brought on the bacterial component of the leaves microbiome of the chosen varieties and epiphytic and endophytic bacteria were isolated through a microbiological analysis. Different assays were performed to identify candidate BCAs. Sixteen among the total isolated bacteria were tested on leaf discs to evaluate their antagonistic activity against P. viticola and different classes of efficacy were defined according to the percentage ratio of the leaf disc area covered by the oomycete sporulation. Five bacterial strains (‘BLG_B1.1.1’, ‘BLG_B1.3’, ‘BLG_B2’, ‘BLG_B4’, ‘BLG_B5’) were selected on the basis of their different efficacy in controlling Downy Mildew infection and were characterized for their morphological features and their species was identified. The five bacterial strains were tested through an in vivo assay on leaves to study a possible mechanism of action against P. viticola. In particular, their effect on the expression of P. viticola effector genes PvRxLR28 and PvRxLR67 was assessed by performing a Real-Time PCR. Among the five strains, three determined a moderate to high reduction of PvRxLR28 expression. Moreover, their effectiveness against a wide range of fungal pathogens and their safety to human health was also evaluated. A bioinformatic comparative analysis between the strains ‘BLG_B2’ and ‘BLG_B4’ was performed, followed by an evaluation of their ability to counteract the growth of human pathogenic bacteria. Future perspectives of the present work involve testing the identified potential BCAs on plants to evaluate their effect on V. vinifera resistance against plant diseases affecting the phylloplane and carposphere. A pilot field trial on plants was carried out testing a synthetic microbial community already characterized for its biocontrol properties. Results will allow the definition of the best protocols to replicate the trial using the selected candidate bacterial BCAs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
TESI dottorato_Camilla_Mandorino (PDF.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.78 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.78 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
TESI dottorato_Camilla_Mandorino (PDF_1.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.78 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.78 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/217869
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-217869