In both international and national regulations, energy efficiency in buildings is a key issue for modern environmental policies. It represents not only a technical and economic goal, but also a legal necessity to support the ecological transition process. In this period of significant change, Italy, with its old and inefficient building stock, is called to strike a balance between ambitious decarbonization plans and the need to protect the economic and social interests of its citizens. The introduction of the Superbonus 110% marked a turning point compared to previous incentive policies. It is an extraordinary and innovative measure, both in its design and scope, aimed at promoting energy upgrades and seismic improvements of the national building stock. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the entire legal process that shaped this incentive, describing its evolution step by step. The goal is to offer a clear and complete overview to those approaching the topic for the first time, helping them navigate the various aspects that will be discussed later. These include issues related to condominiums, as they are the main beneficiaries of the tax incentive, as well as the responsibilities of general contractors and professionals involved in energy upgrade projects, along with an analysis of the 2025 Italian Budget Law and the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). Understanding the historical and legal background is essential to better grasp the legal and practical dynamics that have defined the Superbonus scheme. It is also useful for identifying both its weaknesses and strengths. As mentioned, condominiums play a central role in the Superbonus, which makes it necessary to focus on how building tax incentives apply to them. This brings up familiar legal questions about how the condominium is classified as a legal entity and whether it qualifies as a “consumer,” with important theoretical and practical consequences. The analysis therefore looks closely at the specific features of the legal relationships within and outside the condominium, considering these in light of real Superbonus projects. Once the regulatory framework for tax incentives and the beneficiaries has been outlined, the paper moves on to practical and operational aspects. It examines the types of contracts commonly used by general contractors, paying particular attention to the duties and responsibilities arising from Superbonus contracts. The analysis also considers recent case law, which offers valuable insights into compensation claims in the event of contractor non-performance and helps define the current legal framework. The focus then shifts to the duties and responsibilities of technical professionals involved in the various stages of project delivery, from design to execution, through to technical and tax certification of the works. This analysis highlights the interactions between the different professional roles and assesses their respective responsibilities. The paper concludes with some critical reflections on the recent changes introduced by the 2025 Budget Law, which seems to aim at gradually reducing building incentives. This appears to go against the national energy efficiency targets set for 2030. Such a legislative choice not only conflicts with domestic decarbonization strategies but also with the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, which sets strict deadlines and calls for national energy efficiency plans, with special focus on vulnerable families who often cannot afford the high cost of major renovation works on their own. Through a critical and multidisciplinary approach, this work seeks to provide an overall view of both the challenges and opportunities linked to the Superbonus, so that it can serve as a testing ground for future development of a clear and coherent regulatory framework. The aim is to ensure both the economic sustainability of interventions and legal certainty, strengthening the trust of citizens and sector professionals in energy upgrade processes and the construction sector.
Nel panorama normativo internazionale e nazionale, l'efficienza energetica degli edifici rappresenta un argomento di estrema rilevanza per le politiche ambientali contemporanee, configurandosi, oltre che come obiettivo tecnico-economico, anche come una necessità giuridica imprescindibile per il sostenimento del processo di transizione ecologica. In questo contesto di grande cambiamento lo Stato italiano, caratterizzato da un patrimonio immobiliare vetusto e contraddistinto da gravi inefficienze energetiche, è chiamato ad operare un bilanciamento tra l’ambizioso progetto di decarbonizzazione e l’esigenza di tutelare gli interessi economici e sociali della collettività. L'introduzione del Superbonus 110% ha segnato un punto di svolta rispetto alle politiche di incentivazione precedenti, essendosi lo stesso distinto come misura straordinaria e innovativa, tanto nella concezione quanto nella portata, volta a promuovere la riqualificazione energetica e il miglioramento sismico del patrimonio edilizio nazionale. Il presente elaborato si propone di ripercorrere, con un metodo sistematico, l'intero iter normativo che ha caratterizzato tale agevolazione, delineandone passo dopo passo la sua evoluzione anche nell’ottica di poter fornire, a chi si approccia per la prima volta alla materia, un inquadramento chiaro e completo, utile ad orientare l'analisi dei temi che verranno successivamente trattati, dedicati a questioni condominiali – essendo il condominio il principale fruitore del beneficio fiscale –, alle responsabilità del General Contractor e dei professionisti incaricati a vario titolo nei progetti di efficientamento degli edifici, nonché all’analisi della Legge Finanziaria 2025 e della direttiva “Case Green”. La ricostruzione storica e normativa si rivela indispensabile per poter meglio comprendere le dinamiche giuridiche e operative che hanno contraddistinto l’incentivo del Superbonus, risultando altresì utile per l’individuazione sia delle sue criticità che dei relativi punti di forza. Come preannunciato, tra i protagonisti indiscussi del Superbonus si annoverano indiscutibilmente gli edifici in condominio, la cui centralità ha reso necessario un focus ad hoc sull'applicabilità delle misure fiscali edilizie in loro favore. In questo contesto, riaffiorano le già note questioni giuridiche legate alla qualificazione dell'ente condominiale e alla sua collocazione nell'ambito dei soggetti "consumatori", con implicazioni rilevanti tanto sul piano teorico che pratico. Nel capitolo secondo l'analisi si sofferma, pertanto, sulle peculiarità delle relazioni giuridiche interne ed esterne al condominio, affrontando le diverse tematiche condominiali, anche calandole nella fattispecie concreta dei lavori Superbonus. Ricostruita la disciplina dedicata agli incentivi fiscali e dei soggetti beneficiari, nel capitolo terzo si è inteso approfondire i profili di natura più pratica e applicativa, con l’analisi dei tipi contrattuali impiegati nella prassi dai General Contractor, con particolare attenzione agli obblighi e alle responsabilità derivanti dagli “appalti Superbonus”. Particolare rilievo viene attribuito all'esame della recente giurisprudenza di merito, che offre spunti interessanti sui profili risarcitori in caso di inadempimento dell’appaltatore, contribuendo a delineare i contorni applicativi della disciplina vigente. Tuttavia, i soggetti coinvolti nei processi di riqualificazione energetica non si esauriscono nel General Contractor. L'elaborato si concentra, infatti, anche sugli obblighi e sulle responsabilità dei professionisti “tecnici” impegnati nelle diverse fasi di realizzazione del progetto: dalla progettazione all'esecuzione, fino all'asseverazione tecnica e fiscale delle opere. Tale approfondimento consente di evidenziare le interazioni tra le varie figure professionali e di valutarne i rispettivi profili di responsabilità. L’elaborato si conclude con alcune riflessioni critiche alla luce delle novità introdotte dalla Legge di Bilancio 2025, che sembra perseguire l'obiettivo di ridimensionare progressivamente i bonus edilizi, dando l’impressione di “remare in controsenso” rispetto alla direzione tracciata dagli obiettivi nazionali di efficientamento energetico da conseguire entro il 2030. Tale scelta legislativa si pone in contrasto non solo con le strategie di decarbonizzazione interna, ma anche con le disposizioni contenute nella Direttiva europea EPBD (Energy Performance of Buildings Directive), la quale impone scadenze stringenti e richiede la predisposizione di piani nazionali di efficientamento energetico, con particolare attenzione alle famiglie vulnerabili, spesso impossibilitate a sostenere autonomamente costi di interventi di riqualificazione di notevole portata. Attraverso un'analisi critica e multidisciplinare, il presente lavoro mira a offrire una visione d'insieme sia delle criticità che delle opportunità connesse al Superbonus, affinché quest’ultimo possa servire da palestra per il futuro per la definizione di una disciplina organica capace di garantire non solo la sostenibilità economica degli interventi, ma anche la certezza del diritto, rafforzando la fiducia dei cittadini e degli operatori del settore nei processi di riqualificazione energetica e nell’edilizia.
TIPOLOGIE CONTRATTUALI E RESPONSABILITÀ CIVILE DEL “GENERAL CONTRACTOR” E DEI PROFESSIONISTI NEI PROGETTI DI EFFICIENTAMENTO ENERGETICO DEGLI EDIFICI ITALIANI NEL QUADRO DEGLI INCENTIVI FISCALI
BONANNI, TIZIANA
2025
Abstract
In both international and national regulations, energy efficiency in buildings is a key issue for modern environmental policies. It represents not only a technical and economic goal, but also a legal necessity to support the ecological transition process. In this period of significant change, Italy, with its old and inefficient building stock, is called to strike a balance between ambitious decarbonization plans and the need to protect the economic and social interests of its citizens. The introduction of the Superbonus 110% marked a turning point compared to previous incentive policies. It is an extraordinary and innovative measure, both in its design and scope, aimed at promoting energy upgrades and seismic improvements of the national building stock. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the entire legal process that shaped this incentive, describing its evolution step by step. The goal is to offer a clear and complete overview to those approaching the topic for the first time, helping them navigate the various aspects that will be discussed later. These include issues related to condominiums, as they are the main beneficiaries of the tax incentive, as well as the responsibilities of general contractors and professionals involved in energy upgrade projects, along with an analysis of the 2025 Italian Budget Law and the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). Understanding the historical and legal background is essential to better grasp the legal and practical dynamics that have defined the Superbonus scheme. It is also useful for identifying both its weaknesses and strengths. As mentioned, condominiums play a central role in the Superbonus, which makes it necessary to focus on how building tax incentives apply to them. This brings up familiar legal questions about how the condominium is classified as a legal entity and whether it qualifies as a “consumer,” with important theoretical and practical consequences. The analysis therefore looks closely at the specific features of the legal relationships within and outside the condominium, considering these in light of real Superbonus projects. Once the regulatory framework for tax incentives and the beneficiaries has been outlined, the paper moves on to practical and operational aspects. It examines the types of contracts commonly used by general contractors, paying particular attention to the duties and responsibilities arising from Superbonus contracts. The analysis also considers recent case law, which offers valuable insights into compensation claims in the event of contractor non-performance and helps define the current legal framework. The focus then shifts to the duties and responsibilities of technical professionals involved in the various stages of project delivery, from design to execution, through to technical and tax certification of the works. This analysis highlights the interactions between the different professional roles and assesses their respective responsibilities. The paper concludes with some critical reflections on the recent changes introduced by the 2025 Budget Law, which seems to aim at gradually reducing building incentives. This appears to go against the national energy efficiency targets set for 2030. Such a legislative choice not only conflicts with domestic decarbonization strategies but also with the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, which sets strict deadlines and calls for national energy efficiency plans, with special focus on vulnerable families who often cannot afford the high cost of major renovation works on their own. Through a critical and multidisciplinary approach, this work seeks to provide an overall view of both the challenges and opportunities linked to the Superbonus, so that it can serve as a testing ground for future development of a clear and coherent regulatory framework. The aim is to ensure both the economic sustainability of interventions and legal certainty, strengthening the trust of citizens and sector professionals in energy upgrade processes and the construction sector.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/217993
URN:NBN:IT:UNIGE-217993