INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES This dissertation is situated within the field of Industrial Archaeology, understood as a discipline that deepens the understanding of industrial history through an interdisciplinary approach, examining both material and immaterial processes, whether direct or indirect. The research aims to adapt and apply the methodological processes intrinsic to Industrial Archaeology in order to acquire the necessary knowledge: the study of the site, the technology of production and construction processes, the archaeological traces generated by these processes, the tools and machinery through which they were carried out, the resulting products, written documentation, photographs, oral knowledge, and the landscapes shaped by these processes, known as industrial landscapes. Over the years, various approaches have emerged in relation to abandoned industrial buildings and spaces. One approach involves entirely new interventions, starting from a tabula rasa and disregarding pre-existing structures; another focuses on studying such pre-existences with the aim of valuing and preserving them—not only for their intrinsic architectural value, but also for their historical and social significance. It is argued that, generally and whenever possible, it is important to preserve industrial pre-existences and propose their adaptive reuse, in order to safeguard the landscape—broadly understood as the result of a combination of physical, human, and biological factors which, through their interaction, have decisively shaped a given place. Architectural value alone is not the sole determining factor; in fact, it may be secondary in cases where the building’s relationship with the city is not only physical but also temporal, expressing what the building—and therefore the city—represented at a specific historical moment. As Joseph Rykwert states, “History and heritage are ineluctably connected and are part of living in a society.” The research also engages with a highly relevant contemporary debate on the regeneration of public space through the reuse of abandoned or decommissioned industrial buildings. Within this context, the investigation focuses on the typology of power plants, whose dismantlement results from circumstances particular to each case but which, in general, is linked to the decline in energy consumption in industrialized countries. This decline stems from the economic crisis—leading to reduced industrial demand—as well as improvements in energy efficiency, technological innovation in power plants and distribution networks, and a growing commitment by citizens, businesses, and public administrations to reduce resource waste and costs. The case of power plants is emblematic, as they are often located in peri-urban or extra-urban areas, close to city centers, and with the gradual expansion of the consolidated city, these plants are eventually absorbed into urbanized contexts for which they were neither functionally designed nor socially or physically connected. To ensure continuous and secure energy supply, such plants must meet technical, economic, and environmental efficiency standards. However, over time, some have become obsolete and inadequate—primarily due to changes in their surroundings—leading to their closure. This new condition may result in territorial fragmentation and, in the worst cases, extreme degradation, but it also presents an opportunity for significant transformation and potential. The decision to study this subject stems from the opportunity to analyze concrete cases made possible by the launch, in 2015, of Enel’s Futur-E project (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica), an Italian multinational company producing and distributing electricity and gas. The project envisions the decommissioning of 23 power plants across Italy that have reached the end of their operational life. From 2015 to the present, we have been able to observe the strategies employed for their reuse in different contexts and to compare them with other emblematic examples of power plant reuse at the international level. These cases have been studied from a typological and spatial perspective in order to identify critical issues and opportunities. The thesis seeks to formulate intervention methodologies by identifying similarities and differences among various examples, analyzing both typological aspects and their relationships with the physical and social environment, with the aim of defining “families” that may support the development of such methodologies. Previous experiences, strategies, and outcomes of similar interventions are examined, evaluating new uses and methods applicable to diverse contexts. The goal is to demonstrate the extraordinary potential for valorization embedded in the industrial heritage of power plants. This methodological investigation aims to analyze the potential of industrial heritage, both intrinsic to each “architectural object” and within their broader urban, landscape, and land redevelopment contexts, alongside social, territorial, and symbolic dimensions. Finally, the methodologies developed are applied to a case study: the coal-fired power plant in the Port of Genoa, which is included in the Futur-E project and has since ceased operations due to environmental concerns associated with such infrastructure in urban settings. FINAL CONCLUSIONS This dissertation has demonstrated that the reuse of power plants represents not only a design challenge but also an opportunity to redefine the role of industrial infrastructure within the urban and social fabric. The case of the Thermoelectric Power Plant in the Port of Genoa revealed that a deep understanding of the historical, architectural, and territorial context is essential for formulating sustainable regeneration strategies capable of responding to the specific needs of the area. However, the analysis shows that the value of power plants lies not only in their material dimension but also in their capacity to catalyze virtuous processes of participation, innovation, and inclusion. The methodological tool developed provides a foundational starting point for addressing interventions on decommissioned industrial buildings, but it should not be seen as a rigid or standardizable model. Its openness—allowing for contextual adaptation and the integration of new knowledge—represents its greatest strength. From this perspective, the comparative analysis of national and international case studies emerges as a crucial element to avoid past mistakes and to construct design solutions based on established trajectories while remaining open to innovation. The future of power plant reuse must fully embrace the complexity of contemporary challenges, from environmental sustainability requirements to social and economic regeneration.
INTRODUZIONE E OBIETTIVI La tesi si colloca nell’ambito dell’Archeologia Industriale, intesa come disciplina che approfondisce la conoscenza della storia industriale attraverso un metodo interdisciplinare, che studia i processi materiali e immateriali, diretti e indiretti. Nella ricerca si vuole adattare e utilizzare gli stessi processi, propri dell’Archeologia Industriale, per raggiungere le conoscenze necessarie: lo studio del luogo, la tecnologia dei processi produttivi/costruttivi, le tracce archeologiche da essi generate, i mezzi e le macchine attraverso cui tali processi sono stati realizzati, i prodotti di questi processi, la documentazione scritta, le fotografie, il sapere orale e i paesaggi segnati da questi processi, ovvero i paesaggi industriali. Nel corso degli anni ci sono stati diversi approcci agli edifici e agli spazi industriali abbandonati. Un approccio prevede interventi completamente nuovi a partire da una situazione di tabula rasa, senza considerare le preesistenze; un altro approccio consiste nello studio delle preesistenze, cercando di valorizzare e preservare non solo il valore architettonico intrinseco, ma anche il valore storico e sociale. Si ritiene che, in linea generale e nella misura del possibile, sia importante mantenere le preesistenze industriali e proporne il riuso per preservare il paesaggio che, nel suo significato più ampio, è frutto di un insieme di fattori fisici, antropici e biologici che, nel loro insieme, hanno influenzato in modo decisivo quel luogo. L’importanza architettonica non è l’unico fattore determinante; anzi, può risultare marginale nei casi in cui la relazione che l’edificio instaura con la città non sia solo fisica, ma anche temporale, esprimendo ciò che l’edificio stesso, e di conseguenza la città, rappresentava in un determinato momento storico. Come afferma Joseph Rykwert, “La storia e il patrimonio sono ineluttabilmente legati e fanno parte del vivere in una società”. La ricerca si inserisce inoltre in un dibattito molto attuale sulla rigenerazione dello spazio pubblico attraverso il riuso di edifici industriali abbandonati o in fase di cessazione dell’attività produttiva. In questo contesto, abbiamo deciso di concentrare la ricerca sulla tipologia delle centrali elettriche, il cui smantellamento è dovuto a circostanze particolari di ciascuna, ma che in generale è legato alla diminuzione del consumo energetico nei Paesi industrializzati, causata dalla crisi economica, che ha comportato una minore domanda da parte del settore industriale, nonché all’incremento dell’efficienza energetica, alle innovazioni tecnologiche nelle centrali elettriche, nelle reti di distribuzione e alla crescente attenzione alla riduzione degli sprechi di risorse e dei costi da parte di cittadini, imprese e amministrazioni pubbliche. Il caso delle centrali elettriche è emblematico, poiché spesso nascono in realtà extra-urbane o peri-urbane, vicine al centro, e che, con il progressivo ampliamento della città consolidata, finiscono per essere inglobate in tessuti o contesti urbanizzati per i quali non erano state progettate né a livello funzionale né per quanto riguarda le connessioni sociali e fisiche. Per garantire una fornitura di energia continua e sicura, devono essere efficienti sia dal punto di vista tecnico che economico e ambientale. Tuttavia, con il passare del tempo, alcune di esse sono diventate obsolete e inadeguate, principalmente a causa dei cambiamenti operati nell’ambiente circostante, e si è posta la questione della loro chiusura. Questa nuova condizione può provocare fratture nel territorio e, nei casi peggiori, situazioni di estremo degrado, ma allo stesso tempo offre l’opportunità di grandi cambiamenti e possibilità. La scelta di studiare questo tema deriva dall’opportunità di analizzare casi concreti, grazie all’avvio, nel 2015, del progetto Futur-E di Enel (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica), multinazionale italiana produttrice e distributrice di energia elettrica e gas, che prevede la chiusura di 23 centrali elettriche sul territorio italiano, le quali hanno esaurito il loro ciclo vitale e la loro funzione. In questi anni, dal 2015 a oggi, abbiamo potuto osservare le strategie adottate per il riuso in situazioni diverse, e metterle a confronto con altri esempi emblematici di riuso di centrali elettriche, a livello internazionale, che abbiamo studiato dal punto di vista tipologico e spaziale, per individuare le criticità e le potenzialità. La tesi si propone di formulare metodologie d’intervento, cercando similitudini e differenze tra i vari esempi, analizzando sia gli aspetti tipologici sia le loro relazioni con l’ambiente fisico e sociale, con l’obiettivo di creare “famiglie” che facilitino lo sviluppo di tali metodologie. Si analizzano esperienze passate, strategie e risultati raggiunti in interventi simili, valutando nuovi usi e metodi applicabili ai diversi contesti. L’obiettivo è dimostrare come il patrimonio industriale delle centrali elettriche possa avere un potenziale straordinario per essere valorizzato. In questa ricerca metodologica, si vogliono analizzare le potenzialità del patrimonio industriale, intrinseche a ogni “oggetto architettonico”, ma anche quelle dei loro contesti urbanistici, paesaggistici e di riqualificazione del suolo, così come gli aspetti sociali, territoriali e simbolici. Infine, si cerca di applicare queste metodologie al caso studio della centrale elettrica a carbone del Porto di Genova, inclusa nel progetto Futur-E, che nel frattempo ha cessato la sua attività a causa delle problematiche ambientali legate a questo tipo di infrastruttura in contesti urbani. CONCLUSIONI FINALI La tesi ha dimostrato come il riuso delle centrali elettriche non rappresenti solo una sfida progettuale, ma un'opportunità per ridefinire il ruolo di queste infrastrutture industriali all’interno del tessuto urbano e sociale. Il caso della Centrale Termoelettrica del Porto di Genova ha evidenziato come la conoscenza approfondita del contesto storico, architettonico e territoriale sia una condizione imprescindibile per formulare strategie di rigenerazione sostenibili e capaci di rispondere alle esigenze specifiche del territorio. Tuttavia, l’analisi condotta dimostra che il valore delle centrali elettriche non risiede unicamente nella loro dimensione materiale, ma anche nella capacità di attivare processi virtuosi di partecipazione, innovazione e inclusione. Lo strumento metodologico sviluppato costituisce un punto di partenza fondamentale per affrontare interventi su manufatti industriali dismessi, ma non può essere considerato un modello rigido o standardizzabile. L’apertura di questo metodo, che permette di adattarsi ai contesti e integrare conoscenze sempre nuove, rappresenta la sua principale forza. In questa prospettiva, la centralità del confronto tra casi studio internazionali e nazionali si pone come elemento cruciale per evitare errori passati e costruire soluzioni progettuali basate su percorsi consolidati, ma al contempo aperte all’innovazione. Il futuro del riuso delle centrali elettriche richiede di abbracciare pienamente la complessità delle sfide contemporanee, dalle esigenze di sostenibilità ambientale alla rigenerazione sociale ed economica.
REUSO DE LOS PAISAJES DE LA ELECTRICIDAD El sistema de las centrales eléctricas Enel: el caso de la Central Termoeléctrica del Puerto de Génova
OLIVIERI, DAVIDE
2025
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES This dissertation is situated within the field of Industrial Archaeology, understood as a discipline that deepens the understanding of industrial history through an interdisciplinary approach, examining both material and immaterial processes, whether direct or indirect. The research aims to adapt and apply the methodological processes intrinsic to Industrial Archaeology in order to acquire the necessary knowledge: the study of the site, the technology of production and construction processes, the archaeological traces generated by these processes, the tools and machinery through which they were carried out, the resulting products, written documentation, photographs, oral knowledge, and the landscapes shaped by these processes, known as industrial landscapes. Over the years, various approaches have emerged in relation to abandoned industrial buildings and spaces. One approach involves entirely new interventions, starting from a tabula rasa and disregarding pre-existing structures; another focuses on studying such pre-existences with the aim of valuing and preserving them—not only for their intrinsic architectural value, but also for their historical and social significance. It is argued that, generally and whenever possible, it is important to preserve industrial pre-existences and propose their adaptive reuse, in order to safeguard the landscape—broadly understood as the result of a combination of physical, human, and biological factors which, through their interaction, have decisively shaped a given place. Architectural value alone is not the sole determining factor; in fact, it may be secondary in cases where the building’s relationship with the city is not only physical but also temporal, expressing what the building—and therefore the city—represented at a specific historical moment. As Joseph Rykwert states, “History and heritage are ineluctably connected and are part of living in a society.” The research also engages with a highly relevant contemporary debate on the regeneration of public space through the reuse of abandoned or decommissioned industrial buildings. Within this context, the investigation focuses on the typology of power plants, whose dismantlement results from circumstances particular to each case but which, in general, is linked to the decline in energy consumption in industrialized countries. This decline stems from the economic crisis—leading to reduced industrial demand—as well as improvements in energy efficiency, technological innovation in power plants and distribution networks, and a growing commitment by citizens, businesses, and public administrations to reduce resource waste and costs. The case of power plants is emblematic, as they are often located in peri-urban or extra-urban areas, close to city centers, and with the gradual expansion of the consolidated city, these plants are eventually absorbed into urbanized contexts for which they were neither functionally designed nor socially or physically connected. To ensure continuous and secure energy supply, such plants must meet technical, economic, and environmental efficiency standards. However, over time, some have become obsolete and inadequate—primarily due to changes in their surroundings—leading to their closure. This new condition may result in territorial fragmentation and, in the worst cases, extreme degradation, but it also presents an opportunity for significant transformation and potential. The decision to study this subject stems from the opportunity to analyze concrete cases made possible by the launch, in 2015, of Enel’s Futur-E project (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica), an Italian multinational company producing and distributing electricity and gas. The project envisions the decommissioning of 23 power plants across Italy that have reached the end of their operational life. From 2015 to the present, we have been able to observe the strategies employed for their reuse in different contexts and to compare them with other emblematic examples of power plant reuse at the international level. These cases have been studied from a typological and spatial perspective in order to identify critical issues and opportunities. The thesis seeks to formulate intervention methodologies by identifying similarities and differences among various examples, analyzing both typological aspects and their relationships with the physical and social environment, with the aim of defining “families” that may support the development of such methodologies. Previous experiences, strategies, and outcomes of similar interventions are examined, evaluating new uses and methods applicable to diverse contexts. The goal is to demonstrate the extraordinary potential for valorization embedded in the industrial heritage of power plants. This methodological investigation aims to analyze the potential of industrial heritage, both intrinsic to each “architectural object” and within their broader urban, landscape, and land redevelopment contexts, alongside social, territorial, and symbolic dimensions. Finally, the methodologies developed are applied to a case study: the coal-fired power plant in the Port of Genoa, which is included in the Futur-E project and has since ceased operations due to environmental concerns associated with such infrastructure in urban settings. FINAL CONCLUSIONS This dissertation has demonstrated that the reuse of power plants represents not only a design challenge but also an opportunity to redefine the role of industrial infrastructure within the urban and social fabric. The case of the Thermoelectric Power Plant in the Port of Genoa revealed that a deep understanding of the historical, architectural, and territorial context is essential for formulating sustainable regeneration strategies capable of responding to the specific needs of the area. However, the analysis shows that the value of power plants lies not only in their material dimension but also in their capacity to catalyze virtuous processes of participation, innovation, and inclusion. The methodological tool developed provides a foundational starting point for addressing interventions on decommissioned industrial buildings, but it should not be seen as a rigid or standardizable model. Its openness—allowing for contextual adaptation and the integration of new knowledge—represents its greatest strength. From this perspective, the comparative analysis of national and international case studies emerges as a crucial element to avoid past mistakes and to construct design solutions based on established trajectories while remaining open to innovation. The future of power plant reuse must fully embrace the complexity of contemporary challenges, from environmental sustainability requirements to social and economic regeneration.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/217994
URN:NBN:IT:UNIGE-217994